Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Brain development

Answer 1

Sensory and motor process mature first, followed by association areas involved in top-down control of behavior (reason, attentional control). Proliferation and migration of cells during fetal development. Regional changes in synaptic density during postnatal development. Continuing development of myelination well into adulthood. Cortical function becomes fine-tuned.

Question 2

Dorsal

Answer 2

Meaning “above,” sometimes referred to as superior

Question 3

Medial

Answer 3

Meaning “middle”

Question 4

Anterior

Answer 4

Meaning “front,” sometimes referred to as frontal or rostral (beak)

Question 5

Posterior

Answer 5

Meaning “tail,” sometimes referred to as caudal

Question 6

Lateral

Answer 6

Meaning “side”

Question 7

Ventral

Answer 7

Meaning “below” or belly,” sometimes referred to as inferior.

Question 8

Meninges

Answer 8

membranous coverings of the brain; stabilize the shape and position of the CNS during head and body movements.

Question 9

Gray matter

Answer 9

Dendrites & synapses & cell bodies.

Question 10

White matter

Answer 10

Bundles, or “tracts,” of myelinated axons.

Question 11

Cerebral cortex

Answer 11

the brain’s outer “bark” layer

Question 12

Neocortex - Layers

Answer 12

1: Few cell bodies, axons/dendrites from elsewhere.

2,3,5,&6: sending layers.

4: Primary receiving layer

Question 13

Fissura Longitudinals

Answer 13

Divides the two hemispheres.

Question 14

Corpus Callosum

Answer 14

Hard body. White matter - functionally connects the two hemispheres.

Question 15

Sylvian Fissure/Lateral Sulcus

Answer 15

Separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes.

Question 16

Central Sulcus/Rolandic Fissure

Answer 16

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Question 17

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

Answer 17

Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

Question 18

The Occipital Lobe

Answer 18

Major functions: vision

Question 19

The Parietal Lobe

Answer 19

Mulimodal processing - integrating information across sensory modalities, memory, and internal state.

Question 20

The Temporal Lobe

Answer 20

Memory, visual item recognition, language, and auditory processing. Dominant hemisphere: Wernicke’s area (language comprehension).

Question 21

The Frontal Lobe

Answer 21

Broca’s area, language (dominant hemisphere) music perception. Prefrontal cortex: working memory, planning, reasoning, cognitive control. Orbitofrontal cortx: decsion making, syntax.

Question 22

The Limbic Lobe

Answer 22

Emotional responses (amygdala). Drive-related behavior motivation. Learning/memory (hippocampal formation).

Question 23

Paul Broca’s patient “Tan”

Answer 23

Aphasia - after lesion in left frontal cortex. (Speech production; syntax)

Question 24

Carl Wernicke’s patient

Answer 24

Aphasia after lesion in left temporal cortex. (Speech comprehension; semantics)