People Of The UK

Question 1

Who are the UKs most important import partners?

Answer 1

• United States (The United states has been a important historic trading partner)
• Germany (The EU is a single market so goods can be traded without tariffs)
• China (There has been a growth in trade with China)
• Netherlands
• France

Question 2

Who are the UKs most important export partners?

Answer 2

• United States
• Germany
• Netherlands
• Switzerland
• France

Question 3

What are the UKs Top 5 Imports

Answer 3

• Petroleum and products
• Road vehicles
• Manufactured Products
• Electrical machinery and appliances
• Medicinal and pharmaceutical products

Question 4

What are the UKs Top 5 Exports

Answer 4

• Machines, engines, pumps
• Oil
• Vehicles
• Gems, precious metals, coins
• Pharmaceuticals

Question 5

What is the average life expectancy in the UK?

Answer 5

The average life expectancy in the UK is 81 years

Question 6

Why has the average life expectancy has improved?

Answer 6

People are now living more than five years longer on average than in 1990 because healthcare, diets and living standards have improved

Question 7

What is the pattern of inequality in the UK for life expectancy?

Answer 7

Generally the south of England have the highest life expectancy with places like south camberidgshire which has an average life expectancy of 82.4 years Scotland having an average life expectancy of 79.1 years. However London which is in the south has places with a very low average life expectancy as well

Question 8

In 2015 what percentage of GCSE entries earned a A*-C grade?

Answer 8

68.8 per cent

Question 9

What is the pattern of inequality in the UK for educational attainment?

Answer 9

There is a huge variation in achievment across England. The Highest values are in the richest London boroughs. The lowest are in towns in northern England such as Knowsley and Middlesbrough . There is a clear link between poverty and educational achievement. The most deprived areas, with low incomes and high unemployment, tend to have the lowest levels of achievment

Question 10

What is Ethnicity

Answer 10

Ethnicity is about groups of people who share common roots, often based on culture, religion or nationality.

Question 11

What are the ethinic groups in the UK

Answer 11

In the UK, ethnic groups tend to be immigrants associated with foreign nationalities such as Bangladeshi or Pakistani. Recently there has been a large influx of people from other countries in the European Union.

Question 12

What is the pattern of inequality in the UK for ethnicity

Answer 12

While ethnic groups have settled widely across the UK there is a concentration in major cities and, in particular, in London. However some ethnic groups tend to form distinct clusters in cities, especially Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and some Black Africans. With low income and limited job security, ethnic groups may find themselves living in relatively deprived areas in the inner city

Question 13

What percent of households in the UK have access to the internet?

Answer 13

Almost 100 per cent of households in the UK can access the internet.

Question 14

What is the pattern of inequality in the UK for access to broadband?

Answer 14

Broadband availability reflectts the pattern of the UKs population, whith high availability in the population centres, particularly the large cities, but low availability in the more remote parts of the UK (e.g. Wales, Scotland and South West England). London and the South East together within the cities in the north of England are well served

Question 15

What are the cuases of uneven development/equality?

Answer 15

• Geographical Location
• Economic change
• Infrastructure
• Government policy

Question 16

How does Geographical location cause inequality ?

Answer 16

• As London has grown, wealth has extended out into the rest of the South East. Many people who work in London now commute from the ‘Home Counties’ because they choose to live in more pleasant rural surroundings
• The commuter belts around London have witnessed tremendous economic growth, such as in cities like Cambridge
• However despite good transport links with cities such as Manchester and Glasglow, may rural areas are remote and inaccesible. Leaving those people out

Question 17

How does economic change lead to inequality?

Answer 17

SInce the de-industrialisation in the 1970s, many industries in the North have closed and people jave lost their jobs. In the late twentieth and early twenty first centuries, there was a big shift to jobs in the service or tertiary sector involving jobs in healthcare, offices, financial services and retailing. Most of these jobs have been based in London and the South East leaving other areas out

Question 18

How does infrastructure lead to inequality?

Answer 18

London and the South East has benefited from a number of developmentd such as HS1 and the Channel Tunnel however most the of the new infrastructure benefit only London and the South East leaving other areas out.

Question 19

How does Government policy cause inequality?

Answer 19

The rapid growth of the private sector and the expansion of the service sector have tended to focus on growth in London and the South East. Many companies - both UK based and international - have chosen to be in London rather than elsewhere. This means that other places in the UK are not growing as much

Question 20

What is the HS2 debate?

Answer 20

HS2 (High Speed 2) is a £50 billion project to build a new high-speed railway line to connect London with Birminghakm and then on to Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester. It may then be extended to Newcatsele and into Scotland. The scheme, which is due to start in 2017 for completion in 2033 , is controversial as the route passes through several stretches of highly valued countryside and close to many people’s homes.

Question 21

What is the Demographic Transition Model

Answer 21

A graphical model showing the typical changes that take place in a country’s population over time.

Question 22

What is Stage 1 of the DTM?

Answer 22

• High Fluctuating death rate and high fluctuating birth rate (due to high infant mortality).
• Disease and poor living standards result in a high death rate.
• Children support the family and, because many die in infancy, lots are born to guarantee that a few will survive.
• The birth and death rates cancel each other out, so the total population does not grow much.

Question 23

What is Stage 2 of the DTM?

Answer 23

• Death rate falls as healthcare and standards of living improve; natural increase occurs because the birth rate is still high.
• Ethiopia is in this stage

Question 24

What is Stage 3 of the DTM?

Answer 24

• The birth rate declines during this period and the death rate continues to fall before levelling off.
• Infant mortality falls due to better healthcare, so fewer children need to be born.
• Woman are being educated and are choosing to have fewer children.
• The total population continues to grow but starts to slow down

Question 25

What is Stage 4 of the DTM

Answer 25

• Here both birth rate and death rate are low.
• The society is now advanced with excellent healthcare and high standards of living.
• Women are following careers and choosing to have fewer children.
• Contraceptives are widely available.
• Infant mortality rates are very low. People are living longer. The total population levels off.
• The UK is in this stage

Question 26

What is Stage 5 of the DTM

Answer 26

• As the population ages, with large numbers of people reaching old age, the death rate starts to become higher than the birth rate.
• Children are expensive to look after and families are deciding to have fewer children.

Question 27

What is Natural Increase?

Answer 27

When the birth rate exceeds the death rate causing a growth in population.

Question 28

What is an emigrant?

Answer 28

A person who migrates OUT of a country.

Question 29

What is an Immigrant?

Answer 29

A person who migrates INTO a country.

Question 30

What is a refugee?

Answer 30

Someone escaping an area of conflict out of necessity.

Question 31

What is a Population Pyramid?

Answer 31

A diagram that shows the structure of population by sex and age bracket that may resemble a pyramid shape especially in stages 1 and 2 of the DTM

Question 32

What are the causes of an ageing population?

Answer 32

• The main reason is that a large number of people born after the Second World War and through into the 1960s (‘baby boomers’) are now moving into old age
• Improved healthcare and new treatments prolong life, especially from diseases such as cancer and heart conditions
• Reductions in smoking, which caused a huge early death toll in the past
• Greater awareness of the benefits of a good diet
• People living more active lives benefiting from regular exercise
• Many older people are reasonably well off financially so can afford a reasonable standard of life.

Question 33

What are the effects of an ageing population?

Answer 33

• Healthcare costs are very high and will increase as the elderly require support services and expensive treatments
• Shortages of places in care homes, many of which are expensive
• Many older people are looked after by their middle-aged children, often affecting their lives and their ability to remain in full-time employment
• Older people act as volunteers in hospitals, advice centres, food banks
• Many older people are keen to travel and to join clubs, societies, sports centres, etc. This helps boost the economy and provide jobs.

Question 34

What are the responses to an ageing population?

Answer 34

• Government issued pensioner bonds in 2015 to encourage older people to save money for the future
• Retirement age, which used to be 65, is being phased out to encourage people to continue working
• State pension age is gradually being increased to 67
• Pensioners receive support in the form of care, reduced transport costs and heating allowances (winter fuel payments), which is expensive for the government. This may be withdrawn from wealthy pensioners in the future.

Question 35

What is Suburbanisation?

Answer 35

The growth of areas on the outside of a city

Question 36

What is a Green Belt Area?

Answer 36

A policy for controlling urban growth in which construction is prohibited in rural/ agricultural land surrounding a city.

Question 37

What are the causes of suburbanisation?

Answer 37

• In recent years, land prices and property prices, have risen sharply, Particularly in London and the South.
• As land cheaper in the suburbs, housing and commercial developments have been built there.
• Improvements in transport infrastructure, such as London Underground, as well as increasing trends for people to work from home have meant its is easier for commuters to live in the suburbs while working in the cities

Question 38

What are the consequences of Suburbanisation?

Answer 38

• Suburbanisation has enabled more people to benefit from living in a particular city even though in reality they may be separated from it by miles of sprawl and face long commutes on crowded highways to reach their place of employment.
• Cities such as this also place large demands on resources, particularly water.
• Another consequence is poor air quality caused by the large number of vehicles on the road

Question 39

What are the consequences of re-urbanisation?

Answer 39

• A lack of affordable housing can lead to expensive apartments ending up empty
• Traffic congestion due to increased numbers of residents can also be a problem. This will also cause poor air quality
• Crowded city centres

Question 40

What are the causes of re-urbanisation?

Answer 40

• In many cities in AC countries there have been government initiatives to counter some of the problems created by inner city decline.
• These have often targeted the more deprived areas in the city for additional investment to support the growth of industry which might otherwise struggle to attract investment .
• Firms are paid a premium for new jobs created in these areas and are given other incentives to locate there.

Question 41

What is re-urbanisation?

Answer 41

The redevelopment of inner urban areas creates new homes and jobs, which attracts people from oustside of the area to move in.

Question 42

What is Counter-urbanisation?

Answer 42

Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from urban areas into rural areas. Particularly when those people had originally moved in the city

Question 43

What are the causes of counter-urbanisation?

Answer 43

• People who are moving out are often looking or a more peaceful place to live and perhaps it raise a family. They believe that crime rates may be lower and the cost of living would be less than of the city

Question 44

What are social advantages of immigration on the UK

Answer 44

• Introduction of different cultures including foods, music and fashion
• Immigrants bring skills that may be in short supply within the UK
• Immigrants are ofen keen to engage with local communites.

Question 45

What are the social disadvantages of immigration on the UK?

Answer 45

• May be some tensions with local people or other ethnic groups
• May be some bad feeling about housing shortages leading to social unrest
• Some people feel that the UK is already overcrowded and that too many immigrants will lead to increased urban pollution and congestion

Question 46

What the economic advantages of immigration on the UK?

Answer 46

• Workers pay taxes to the government - the majority of immigrants work - more money is paid in taxes than received in benefits.
• Immigrants often take low-paid jobs in farming, factories or support services such as cleaning.
• Semi-skilled workers have filled gaps in decorating and plumbing as well as working as nurses
• Some immigrants are well educated and highly trained
• Those immigrants who study in the UK pay a considerable amount to colleges and universities

Question 47

What are the economic disadvantages of immigration on the UK?

Answer 47

• Extra costs for healthcare, education and social services
• House prices and rents may increase as demand outstrips supply
• Money may be sent home by immigrants so does not get spent in the UK