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GEOG102 > People, Food and Sustainability > Flashcards

People, Food and Sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental problems and solutions are defined by …

A

Individual world views and values

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2
Q

Anthropocentric view on the environment

A

when value is determined relative to human interests, wants and needs
environment is seens as only being useful as a reasource to humans

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3
Q

Ecocentric view on the environment

A

when the environment is seen as existing independently of human wants or needs
environment has value beyond human use

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4
Q

Instrumental value

A

environment has worth or value becasue they are valued by people and it has use for specific purposes (Pickerill 2012)

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5
Q

Inherent value

A

environment having worth or value beyond its use as a reasource but still relate it to how it makes us feel -> combination of environmentla and human value (Pickerill 2012)

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6
Q

Intrinsic value

A

environment having worth and viewed as important in itself without refrence to human benefits (Pickerill 2012)

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6
Q

Various natural indicators show that there has been clear _ _ on ecosystem functions and services

A

Human Impact

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7
Q

if we continue on current trends in the next 100 years we will see a _% loss in biodiversity

A

25

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8
Q

Socio-ecological system resilience

A

the capacity of a system to absorb shocks without collapsing into a qualitatively different state, controlled by a different set of processes, fundamentally changing the way the system operates

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9
Q

if dunedin supermearkets didnt get re-stocked it would run out of food in …

A

3-4 days

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10
Q

Current food system

A

focused on increasing productivity
reliant on imports and exports
consumption is dominated by supermarket chains

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11
Q

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, reported on 3 different aspects of the environment :

A

Impacts on ecosystems
Impacts on Biodiversity
Impacts on Ecosystem services

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12
Q

what percentage of land mass is used for food production ?

A

25%

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13
Q

examples of Human impacts on the ecosystem were identified in the Millennium ecosystem assessment 2005

A

land use change -> conversion of ecologically signifianct land for agriculter and crops
20% of coral reefs have been destroyed
natural flows of water are stuck behind dams -> hydropower and uses for irrigation

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14
Q

examples of Human impacts on the biodiversity were identified in the Millennium ecosystem assessment 2005

A

habitat and species loss
loss in genetic diversity -> 90% of global food energy comes from 15 crops

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15
Q

three types of ecosystem services :

A

Provisioning
Regulatory
Cultural

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16
Q

Prvisioning ecosystem services are

A

direct benefits we get from the environment -> fisheries, water supply, food

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17
Q

Regulatory ecosystem services are

A

those systems and processes that make the environment suitable to live in -> carbon storage, flood protection, cliamte regulation

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18
Q

cultural ecosystem services are

A

the recreational, cultural and spiritual value we get from a well functioning scosystem

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19
Q

The Millennium Ecosystem assessment 2005 identified that the human impacts to ecosystem services is

A

across the three services of cultural, regulatory, provisioning there have been declines

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20
Q

what is the is the largest driver of environmental degredation and transgression of planetary boundaries (EAT - lancet commission, n.d.)

A

the gloabl food system

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21
Q

Ecological Footprints

A

measure of human demad on ecosystem that can be compared to ecological capacity to regenerate

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22
Q

Total Global Biocapacity

A

what is the potential of the planet / productivty of the planet on an annual basis

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23
Q

Global Biocapacity (measured in global hectares, gha)

A

is the annual productive capcity of the planet

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24
Q

what is the global carrying capacity for a population of 8 billion (assuming that reasources are equitablly distributed)

A

1.7 gha per person

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25
Q

carrying capcity

A

is defined as a species average population size that can live in a particular area. this is limited by environmental factors like adequate food, shelter and water

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26
Q

the Global average ecological footprint is …

A

2.75 gha per person
equivalent to using 1.5 planets per year

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27
Q

New Zealands average ecological footprint is …

A

4.7 gha

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28
Q

What is the consequence of living beyond natures capcity ?

A

reducing biocapcity for future generations
degrading the environment

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29
Q

Indias average Ecological footprint is …

A

1.2 gha
living below the global carrying capacity -> however the proportion of population that does not have adequate access to reasources is significant … wealthy populations have similar consumption patterns to western countries

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30
Q

Issue with Global food production lies with … rather than volume of production

A

distribution
there are strong cases of overconsumption and under consumption *759 million people are food insecure
the large volumes of waste that occurs throughout the food system indicates that it is not the volume food being produced that is the issue

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31
Q

Food Security

A

When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life (World food Summit 1996)
focus around access, avability and use

32
Q

Food Sovereignty

A

the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems (Via Campesina 1996)

33
Q

what is a significant issue with the accolcation of crops that are produced

A

a large volume of crops produced are being allocated to animal feed
- a less meat intensive diet can reduce the amount of these crops being grown or allow more for human consumption

34
Q

where does waste occur in the food system ?

A

at every step
- production
- processing
- distribution
- consumption

35
Q

How many people could be fed with the amount of calories that the USA throws away

A

2 billion

36
Q

what is one of the sustainability challenges associated with the globalised food system ?

A

the growing of food in inapropritate areas -> often requires additional water and nutrients -> signfianct environemtal implications

37
Q

Simpliefied understnading of the root of environmetal impacts

A

P * A * T
P = popualtion
A = affluence
T = technology

38
Q

Challenges to urban sustainability in relation to wealth

A

the wealthier you are the more reasources you have access to -> local environmental problems can be solved with the increased access to reasources -> increased consumption contributes to a greater extent to global environmental problems

39
Q

consequence of consuming beyond environemtal limits

A

drawing down / reducing the furture biocapacity of the earth

40
Q

4 differing world views on the effect of population on the environment

A
  1. overpopulation will cause reasource depletion and environmental degredation
  2. population isnt the root of the problem rather issues with distribution of resources
  3. population is an issue but advances of technology can extend the worlds carrying capcity
  4. more people means more ingenuity to solve problems
41
Q

what needs to be done to change the food system

A

a change in values and way we view the environment

42
Q

4 ways we can reduce our footprint through food (MacKay & Connelly 2019)

A

eat less meat, buying food with less packaging material, eating seasonally and eating locally sourced foods

43
Q

why is it important to view food as a outcome of a complex set of processes rather than viewing food as a thing

A

if we view food as a thing it hides the complexity that goes on behind the scenes

44
Q

thinking of food as a system includes thinking about 2 aspects :

A

supply chain and flows of food

45
Q

6 parts of a generalised local food system

A

Growing
Harvesting
Packaging
Transportation
Retailing
Eating

46
Q

food systems are extremly complex. what are 5 aspects of a food system which efffect how they operate ?

A

Biological, Health, Political, Social and economic systems

47
Q

examples of environemtal impacts from production :

A

43% of arable land is used for agriculture -> impacts on natural ecosystems
Green house gas emissions -> 33% of global emissions are from agriculture
degrading soil quality -> as a result of the intensified and hyperproductive systems that rely on fertilisers to keep up with practises

48
Q

Example of environmetal impacts from processing :

A

plasticuse for packaging products

49
Q

Examples of environmental impacts from distribution :

A

food transport accounts for 6% of global green house gas emissions -> local transport is worse than bulk transport
virtual water trade -> the water that goes into producing the products is moved aroudnd the world (often exported from water poor places)

50
Q

Examples of emvironmental impacts from consumption

A

types of diets, for example one heavy in meat, has greater environmetal impacts
effects of overconsumption -> needing to increase reasources to meet demands

51
Q

Examples of environmeal impacts from waste

A

Large volumes of waste throughout the food system
2 billion people could be fed with the amount of claories the USA throws away annually

52
Q

what are reasons between saying we want change and actioning ?

A

path dependence (tied into patterns and views)
convience
cost
accessibility (who has the ability to make and act upon choices)

53
Q

what are often barriers to chaning the food system

A

the risks and uncertainties

54
Q

why are food banks ‘successful failures’ ?

A

they are a coping mechanism not a solution
successful at generating reasources but fail to address the root problem of people experiencing hunger

55
Q

What are the 7 ways we can value food ?

A

value of work
value of social interactions
value of health and nutrition
value of environment
value of local economic development
value of justice
value of cost

56
Q

what are 3 potential aspects of the future food system ?

A
  • increased consumption of meat alternatives
  • educating people
  • tech focused
57
Q

how has Cultivate Christchurch created an alternative food network ?

A

converted empty urban lots into prosperous urban gardens which supply food to the local community

58
Q

what is Cultivate Christchurchs relationship with local resuteraunts

A

they are the supplier of the resteraunts fruit and vegetables, and they take their food scraps to turn into compost which will benefit the garden - positive feedback

59
Q

what is the purpose behind ‘Our food Network’ - dunedin

A

production, distributionand consumption of local food, contribute to the building of a resilient and prosperous community and local economy

60
Q

How did the community fo West Oakland address thier issue of lack of access to healthy food becuase there was no supermarket ?

A

the community came together and started their own grocery store -> Mandela Food Co-op. they source the food from local urban farmers -> supporting the local economy

61
Q

Food provides an important starting point for considering solutions for a range of _ _

A

environmental challenges

62
Q

At what scale do changes need to be made for a more sustainable food systems ?

A

consumer (change in habits)
producer (sustainable cultivating practises)
government (policy change)

63
Q

the decisions we make today have long lasting impacts

A

lock us into particular patterns of reasources use, consumption and behaviours

64
Q

Sustainable community development

A

focuses on community level interventions

65
Q

what are the 5 different types of community that we may be a part of ?

A

interest, culuture, practise, resistance, place

66
Q

urbanization and urban spaces impact on the food environment ?

A

negative - is a key driver for many environemtal issues
positive - is a space that can be transformed to be a part of the solution

67
Q

David Suzuki quote …

A

“the environemtal crisis is a human crisis; we are at the center of it as both the cause and the victims

68
Q

according to the Eat lancet report what kind of diet will have both improved health and environemtal benefits ?
(EAT, n.d.)

A

a diet rich in plant-based foods and with fewer animal source foods

69
Q

operating outside the earths biocapacity has the risk of …

A

risk of harm to the stability of the earth system and human health

70
Q

according to the EAT lancet report a dietary change could prevent _ _ deaths per year

A

11 million

71
Q

the EAT lancet commission proposes _ that global food production should stay within to _ the risk of _ and potentially _ shifts in the _ system

A

boundaries, decrease, irreversible, cateshrophic, earth

72
Q

what are the 6 earth system process that are affected by the food system
(EAT, n.d.)

A

climate change
land system change
freshwater use
Nitrogen cycling
Phosphorus cycling
biodiversity loss

73
Q

what solutions needs to implememted to stay within the worlds safe operating space ?

A

a combination of changes
- change in diet towards a more plant based diet
- reducing the volumes of food waste
- more sustainable food production practises

74
Q

what does agricultural and marine policies and practises need to changed towards ?

A

practises that enhance biodiversity rather than aiming for increased volume of a few crops

75
Q

what are the 5 strategies for a great food transformation ?
(EAT, n.d.)

A
  • seek international and national commitment to shift toward healthy diets
  • reorientate agricultural priorities from producing high quantities of food to producing healthy food
  • sustainably intesify food producion to increase high-quality output
  • strong and coordinated governance of land and oceans
  • at least halve food losses and waste
76
Q

how does the metaphore of a donut encompass the worlds social and planetary boundaries ?
(Raworth, 2017)

A

the hole in the middle reveals the short fallings on lifes essentials (SGD’s)
beyond the out ring is the risks on earths critical life supporting systems (planetary boundaries)
the space of the donut lies a possible future for humanity where we live within our means and the needs of everyone is met.

77
Q

what is one way that we can change out future ?
(Raworth, 2017)

A

transformation of the mainstream economic mindset

78
Q

what percetnage of global green house gas emissions are from agriculture ?

A

33%

GEOG102 (9 decks)

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