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GEOG102 > People and Development in the Global south > Flashcards

People and Development in the Global south Flashcards

1
Q

According to Martin 2015, what percentage of indias electricity comes from hydropower ?

A

17 %

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2
Q

Martin 2015 suggets that an issue with increasing Indias capacity and generation of electricity from renewable energy is …

A

the economic cost.
to implaement the current plans the cost of electricity will signifianctly increase and more taxes.
forgeign companies have been interested in investing which may reduce the amount needing to be funded by the government

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3
Q

what percentage of indias electricity is lost theough transmission and distribution
(Martine 2015)

A

average is 25%

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4
Q

what is the dominant lifestyle/livlihood in rural India ?

A

Agriculture
populations heavy reliance in the environment

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5
Q

How do the Sustainable Development Goals (SGD’s) help define development ?

A

they are a global commitment to everybody in the world achieving minimum standards across a various range of ideas about what it means to be able to lead a meaningful life.
- development is no longer soley determined by economic value

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6
Q

what are the 3 categories of Indias Contemorary development Challenges ?

A

Ecological challenges
Social challenges
Economic challenges

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7
Q

what are some of the ecological challenges in India ?

A
  • reaching hard limits of natural reasources -> risking future carrying capcity
  • effects that the green revolution has had on degrading the quality and capacity of the agricultural environment
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8
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A

Bringing together information about the conditions in which people can live long and happy lives

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9
Q

in 2007-08 what was Indias Human Development Index ?
and what was their ranking compared to other countries in the world?

A

0.467 -> low value
129th in the world

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10
Q

As with many things in India there is variation at the regional scale of the HDI value. Give an example of a higher and lower HDI value throughout India

A

Delhi is one of the regions with the highest HDI value at 0.750.
Uttar Pradesh is one of the regions with the lowest value at 0.380.

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11
Q

are the regions with lower HDI values concerntrated to specific areas throughout the cournty ? if so where ?

A

Yes
regions with lower HDI values are concerntrated in central and northern India

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12
Q

when did India start to experince significant economic growth ?

A

1991
throught he liberation process india opened its economy to international investments and trade . This generated signficant growth in the countries service sector

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13
Q

Since 1991 India has experienced signifianct economic growth. what effect has this had on the aspects of social developement in India

A

there has not been a parallel rise in the aspects of average years of schooling, infant mortality rate and proportion of underweight children.
however there is likely t be regional difference where this has imporved in some areas

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14
Q

has the distribution of economic growth occured equally throughout society ?

A

No
the weath has benefitted the middle and upper classes -> lacking distribution of benefits to the loweer classes

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15
Q

what is the significance of the monsoon for india ?

A

water source for agricultural practises (rural livlihoods dependent upon the monsoon)

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16
Q

what effect has cliamte change has on the monsoon ?

A

changing the patterns and intensities if the monsoon season

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17
Q

When did india gain independence from british colonial rule ?

A

1947

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18
Q

the majority of Indias population is under … (how old) …

A

25 years old -> youthful population

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19
Q

what is Indias total fertility rate ?
what are ther spatial variations of this figure ?

A

TFR = 2.8
this figure will be higher in rural areas -> childerns enter the workforce to support the family economically, therefore more childern can bring more wealth to families

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20
Q

what is the sex ratio (proportion of men and women in the population)

A

1000 : 933

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21
Q

what effects does the unequal sex ratio have ?

A

an uneven sex ratio often indicates that the prevelance of gender inequality and structural biases within the culture that are priviledging men and disadvantaging women

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22
Q

are there variations of the sex ration throughout the country ?

A

yes, there is a less signfianct difference in the sex ratio in the south of india. Here there are often better opportunities for women.

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23
Q

what percentage of indias population live rurally ?

A

69%. this is unusal for a country so large to have the rural population dominant over the urban population

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24
Q

is there are correlation between levels of poverty (low HDI) and the population of regions

A

yes, there is a correltion that some of the most densly/highly population regions in India having the highest levels of poverty / lowest HDI values
for example Uttar Pradesh has a popualtion of 220 million and has one of india lowest HDI values at 0.38

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25
Q

Caste system

A

a social category that is assigned at birth based on your parent social category

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26
Q

How does the caste system effect peoples function in society ?

A

causes social segregation and forces people to live in different parts of villages
People in lower castes continue to be disproportionatley occupying the ranks of the poor

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27
Q

Differences between North and South India ?

A

South India has :
- less significant sex ratio
-> less gender discrimination
-> better literacy rates
-> lower percentages of poverty

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28
Q

In terms of development outcomes, there are signifianct differences between :

A

North & South India
Lower & Higher Castes
Men & Women
Rural & Urban

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29
Q

what are 2 factors causing a signifianct proportion of Indias poorest people to reside in rural areas ?

A
  1. there are fewer opportunities for employment
  2. people in rural areas frequently suffer from situations of social discrimination
30
Q

Prior to the green revolution Indias agriculture workers only had seasonal employment. what effect did this have with the workers relations with the richer members of the villages/community ?

A

they would rely on the wealthier members of the village to help them through the off season which often resulted in exploitative relationships (power relations)

31
Q

Chronic Poverty

A

Poverty that is entrenched within families and communities over a long period of time

32
Q

when did the green revolution begin in India

A

late 1960’s

33
Q

what were the effects of the green revolution in India ?

A

agricultural intensification -> extraction of ground water (irrigation) and increasing use of fertilisers
enabled all year round cultivation
enabled rural economic development

34
Q

example of 2 villages in the Bankura District and their differences in development from the one that had the green revolution and one did not

A

Gangajalghati : agricultural season reliant on the monsoon (seasonal employment), lack of employment opportunities, 3rd poorest community in the district
Joypur : multipule season cropping, greater employment opportunities, 2nd wealthiest community in the district
* difference in rural development caused by the green revolution

35
Q

what poverty alleviation plans have india tried to implement in the past ?

A

Credit programmes, Employment, Housing, Subsidised food

36
Q

Issues that have occured with past poverty alleviation plans …

A

getting reasources to the people who need it most, poor co-ordination and corruption

37
Q

NREGA

A

National rural Employent Guarantee Act 2005

38
Q

What are the 5 aspects for understnading development issues in India ?

A

Temporally, Spatially, Different scales, Social Groups and how people and the environment interact

39
Q

what are 2 drivers for rural to urban migration

A

greater job opportunities in urban areas
urban areas often have a greater standard of living -> how ever these are not accessible to everyone

40
Q

In india how many people live in slums ?

A

230 million

41
Q

at what rate is indias urban growth increasing at ?

A

2.6% annually

42
Q

Has the benefits of Indias economic growth been evenly distributed ?

A

No, it often does not benefit the lower classes

43
Q

in 2011, what percentage of Indias GDP was from the service sector ? what has the trend been for this sector since 1991 ?

A

59%
the percent of the econmy from this sector has been increaseing since the opening of the economy

44
Q

in 2011, what percentage of Indias GDP was from the Agriculture sector in? what has the trend been for this sector since 1991 ?

A

14%
has experienced a signifianct decline since india opened its economy

45
Q

what trend has been seen in Bengalore since the opening of the opening of the economy

A

signifianct growth of IT sector. the city has become an interbational center for backoffice processing, IT services and call centers

46
Q

what is one factor that made Bengalore a good city for the development of IT sector ?

A

access to a skilled workforce becuase of the universities in the city

47
Q

what are 2 health risks of living in slum areas ?

A

the concrentration of people makes the risk of disease and its spread to be high
many slums do not have access to treated water -> increased risk of diseases

48
Q

what are the 3 biggests changes in Indias cities since opening its economy ?

A

changes in the built environment
consumption patterns -> people with more wealth can consume more (the weathly part of the society have consumtion patterns similar to those in the Global North)
increased employment opportunities

49
Q

where do internal migrants moving from rural to urban areas often end up working and living

A

the migrants are often unskilled workers and end up in the informal sector. becuase of the low pay in the informal sector many reside in slum areas

50
Q

why is international migration important for economy and livilhoods in India ?

A

India is the largest gloabl remittance reciever amoung developing countries

51
Q

what social characteristics to most of Indias internal migrats posess ?

A

they are often from areas of poverty, migrating to urban centers for better opportunities

52
Q

From which state do more than half of Indias internal migrants originate from ?

A

Uttar Pradesh -> an area with high poverty and low HDI

53
Q

how many people were estimated to have migrated back to rural areas during the various waves of the covid pandemic ?

A

30 million

54
Q

what effect did the covid 19 lockdown have on people working in the informal sector?

A

left standed economically because they were unable to work

55
Q

how many new job cards did NREGA issue as a result the urban -> rural migration from the covid 19 lockdown

A

8.3 million

56
Q

during the pandemic how many patients were there for every one doctor in Uttar Pradesh ?

A

1 doctor for every 3600 patients

57
Q

during the pandemic in Bihar what was the ratio of people to hospital beds ?

A

1 bed for every 8000 people

58
Q

what has been Indias historical method’s for generation of primary energy and electricity and what percentage do each contribute to Indias energy generation ?

A

coal -> 45%
petroleum -> 25%

59
Q

what is indias present many source of renewable energy ?

A

hydro power

60
Q

where are the hydropower dams in india located

A

In northern india. from the rivers and tributaries that flow from the himilayas

61
Q

what percentage of the population do not have regular access to electricity ?

A

40% -> majority are in slum or rural areas

62
Q

According to Indias COP26 committments _% of energy will be generated from renewables by 2030

A

50%

63
Q

According to Indias COP26 agreements when will it reach net zero energy emissions?

A

2070

64
Q

In 2013 india was the 3rd largest emitting country, what percentage of gloabl emission was india contributing ?

A

7.1%

65
Q

what are 2 aspects that would contribute to an effective energy system in India ?

A

the initatives to be multi-scalar and have a mix of flucating and constant sources

66
Q

Nuclear power in India

A
  • lower emissions
  • constant energy source
  • significant opposition from the public
67
Q

Wind Power in India

A
  • fastest growing renewable energy source
  • associated with large scale deforestation to have areas for the wind farms
68
Q

Negative aspects of hydropower in india

A

political contestation - transboundary water sources
impacts of people livlihoods who live downstream from the dam and rely on the water source
environmental costs

69
Q

Solar power in India

A
  • flucating energy source
  • implement at various scales -> community grids to commercial solar power farms ect.
70
Q

In India there is _ and _ uneveness of development across the country
(Hill, 2021)

A

Social, spatial

71
Q

In India, different social groups result in :

A

differences in the quality of life and the opportunities for people

GEOG102 (9 decks)

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