People - Employee Engagement & Retention Flashcards
Employee Engagement
a measurement of an employee’s involvement, satisfaction, happiness, and loyalty.
Employee Life Cycle
All activities associated w/ the employee’s tenure or time w/ an organization
Attraction Recruitment Onboarding Development Retention Separation Alumni
Performance Management
Process used to facilitate consistent improvements in the employee performance.
Performance Standards
Clarify what employees are expected to achieve and how they will be measured.
Performance Appraisals
A formal way of providing feedback to and receiving feedback from employees.
Has three purposes:
- provide feedback and counseling
- help in allocating rewards and opportunities
- help in determining EEs aspirations and planning development needs
Retention Threshold
How soon new hires leave the company.
Stay Interviews
Employee/manager meetings to identify and intervene before an employee decides to leave.
Schaufeli and Bakker’s View on EE Engagement
Vigor: EEs show high levels of energy and invest effort into their work.
Dedication: EEs are involved in their work and have a sense of pride and enthusiasm about it.
Absorption: EEs are fully concentrated on and completely engrossed in their work.
Macey and Schneider view on EE Engagement
Trait Engagement: the inherent personality based elements that make an individual predisposed to being engaged
State Engagement: influenced by workplace conditions or practices
Behavioral Engagement: the effort EEs put into their jobs, which leads to greater value, creating higher performance than from their less engaged counterparts–can occur when both trait and state engagement are present
Benefits of EE Engagement
- increase profitability
- thefts decrease
- absenteeism decrease
- defects decrease
Drivers of EE Engagement
- The work itself
- Confidence and trust in leadership
- Recognition and reward
- Orgz communication that is delivered timely
The Aon Hewitt Engagement Model
Say–speak positively
Stay–have an intense sense of belonging
Strive–are motivated to succeed
Types of Orgz Culture
Authoritarian: power resides with top level mgmt
Mechanistic: tasks are defined clearly and shaped by formal rules
Participative: collaborate decision making or group problem solving
Learning: the increase of knowledge
High Performance: talent is championed
Questions to answer when gathering information about EE engagement
- What orgz culture have we created?
- Does this culture support achievements of our strategic goals?
- How can the orgz culture be expressed in a way that increases EE engagement?
Management Competencies for Enhancing EE Engagement
- Supporting EE growth: automony, development, feedback, recognition
- Interpersonal style: individual interest, availability, personnal matter, ethics
- Monitoring direction: reviewing and guiding, clarifying expectations, managing time and resources, following processes/procedures
Business Case for EE Engagement
- Commit long term: need sustained efforts over time
- Measure consistently: measurement of engagement and progress towards goals should happen consistently
- Connect engagement to business results: communication of how engagement influences orgz outcomes
- Seek employee input: EEs have the opportunity to provide input
- Gain leadership support: need support from leadership
Retention
The ability to keep talented employees in the orgz. Orgz aspire to keep high performers and to exit the low performers.
Why do EEs stay?
- Meaningful work
- Are recognized
- Orgz provides tools and resources
- Performance systems are fair, transparent
- Appleaing incentives and perks
Key Areas of EE Engagement
- Leadership Characteristics: care about EEs, trust
- Team Practices: understand customers, reward EEs
- Orgz Values: values EEs, is customer focused
- Work Itself: is challenging and meaningful
Measure and Analyze EE Engagement
- Career development: advancement opportunities
- Releationship w Mgmt: autonomy, recognition
- Comp & Benefits: pay overall
- Work Environment: meaningfulnes of the job
Employee Surveys
An instrument used to collect and assess EE attitudes on and pereptions of the work environment
Attitude Survey: attempt to determine EE perception of such topics as company culture and company image, the quality of mgmt, the effectiveness of comp and benefits, orgz communication, diversity/safety concerns.
Opinion Survey: measure important data on specific issues, gain opinions on specific processes, safety procedures, or an other issue the employer is evaluating.
Engagement Survey: focus on EE level of job satisfaction, commitment, and morale, these should be linked to business objectives.
Benefits of Surveys
- Provide a direct means of assessing EE attitudes
- Improve EE relations
- Increase levels of EE trust
- Improve the satisfaction levels of customers
- Detect early warning signs of problems
Advantages v. Disadvantages of EE Surveys Online
A: higher response rates due to EE access convenience, increased responses to open-ended questions, elimination of interviewer biases
D: all EEs must have access to a computer, need up to date email address, run out of space on open-ended questions
Practices to Increase Engagement during Employment
- Job Enrichment
- Learning & Development
- Strategic Compensation
- Performance and Career Management
Strategic Compensation
Equitable Compensation: aligns comp with external market value and internal strategic value
Pay for Performance: focus on EEs attention on incentivized behaviors
Competency-based: fosters acquisition of knowledge and skills
Competitive: attracts qualified job candidates
Equitable Exchange: signals commitment reciprocity
Realistic Job Preview (RJP)
Any part of the selection process that provides an applicant with honest and complete information about a job and the work environment–a clear picture of what a job will be like if the applicant is hired.
*description of a day-to-day
Skinner’s Reinforcement of Desired Behaviors
Positive Reinforcement: adding something valued–ex: an employee receives time off for a significant work contribution
Negative Reinforcement: removing something disliked–ex: a team that has worked especially hard is given a casual dress day.
HRs Role in EE Recognition
- Promote a strategic recognition program
- Tie recognition programs to corporate values
- Encourage corporate spending on EE recognition
EE Engagement Practices During Separation
- Branding
- New business
- Industry Intelligence
- Boomerangs
- EE referrals
Performance Management System
- Orgz values and goals
- Performance management standards
- EE performance/behaviors
- Measurement and feedback
- Business results and employee growth
Performance Standards
The expectation of management translated into two key elements that EEs can deliver:
- Behaviors: what the orgz wants the EE to do
- Results: what the orgz wants the EE to produce
Appraisal Methods ‘Category Rating Methods’
The least complex means of appraising performance
- Graphic scale: a scale of each task, score 1-5
- Checklist: list of statements or words and check all that apply
- Forced choice: variation on the checklist method, required to check two of four statements, one the EE is most like and and least like.
Appraisal Methods ‘Comparative Methods’
Appraiser directly compares the performance of each EE with another
- Ranking: list all EEs from highest to lowest
- Paired comparison: each EE is paired with every other EE and compared
- Forced distribution: EEs are rated and placed at different percentage points along a bell shaped curve
Appraisal Methods ‘Narrative Methods’
Appraiser submits written naratives
- Essay: short essay
- Cricital Incidents: record of employee actions
- Field review: HR interviews the supervisor about the performance of each EE
2 Special Appraisal Methods
Management by Objectives (MBO): The employees help set objectives for themselves, defining what they intend to achieve within a specified time period. Ex: a strategic plan is in place, clearly defined objectives, higher level of commitment and performance results
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS): Designed to overcome the problems of category rating by describing examples of desirable and undesirable behaviors. Ex: outstanding, satisfactory, unsatisfactory
Errors in Performance Appraisal
Halo/Horn: extremely competent in one area
Recency: give more weight to recent occurences
Primary: gives more weight to the EEs earlier performance
Bias: appraisers values/beliefs/prejudice
Strictness: reluctant to give high ratings
Leniency: all EEs in the case are given high scores
Central tendency: rates all EEs within a narrow range
Contrast: how his/her own performance compares to that of antoher EE
Appraisal Meeting
- Gain agreement on the appraisal ratings
- Set specific objectives that the EE is to achieve
- Create an implementation plan
- Discuss how the appraiser will follow up
- Discuss what must be accomplished
EE Engagement Metrics
EE absence rate: # of days absent in a month/average # of EE during month*number of workdays in month
Workers Comp Incident rate: # of injuries per 100-full time EEs/total hours worked by all EEs during the year
Revenue per EE: total revenue/total # of EEs
Turnover rate: # of separations during the measurement period/Average # of EEs during measurement period
Yield ratio: % of applicants for a recruitment source that make it to determined stage of application process
Maslow’ Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological needs - food, water, warmth, rest (basic needs)
Safety needs - security safety. Employment security, pay & benefits, working conditions
Belonging & Love - Intimate relationships, friends. Team, good leadership, employee assoc, good customer base.
Esteem - feeling accomplished. Training, recognition, awards.
Self Actualization - Achieving one’s full potential. Job growth opportunities, becoming a mentor.
Intrinsic Motivation
behavior that is driven by internal rewards.
Daniel Pink - more effective for right brain types, associated w/ tasks, work and things that matter.
