People Flashcards
Notable People Throughout Psych History
Aronson + Linder
Proposers of The Gain-Loss Principle (a person’s opinion of someone else is more favorable if the other person’s opinion has become more favorable)
Asch
Studied conformity (The Asch Conformity Experiment of Social Pressure and comparing line lengths)
Bandura
Behaviorist theorist known for developing the social learning theory. Punishing bag and Bobo Doll (to study observational learning)
Clark + Clark
Studied African American Children doll preferences (finding young bias against POC). Results of studies used in 1954 Brown v. Board of Education
Darley and Latane
Proposed the two factors that lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility
Eagly
Suggested that gender differences were not due to gender, but due to differing social roles.
Festinger
Known for developing cognitive dissonance theory and social comparison theory
Janis
Known for developing concept of groupthink (i.e. how group decision-making sometimes can go awry)
Lerner
Proposed the concept of belief in a just world
Lewin
Proposed three categories for leadership styles: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire. Also developed field theory
McGuire
Studied how psychological inoculation resulted in people resisting persuasion
Milgram
Studied obedience via unethical electroshock studies. Also proposed stimulus-overload theory (to explain differences between city and country dwellers)
Newcomb
Studied political norms, known for his study at Bennington about the influence of group norms on political beliefs
Zimbardo
Performed the Stanford Prison Simulations and utilized concept of deindividuation to explain results
Chomsky
Linguist who suggested that children have a “Language Acquisition Device” which allows for an innate capacity to learn language.
Also distinguished the surface and deep structures of sentences and transformation rules that are used to transform sentences to have new meanings.
Freud
Outlines the 5 stages of psycho-sexual development. Emphasized importance of Oedipal complex in development.
Developed psychoanalysis and the psychodynamic approach to personality.
Locke
Philosopher who believed that human babies had no predetermined tendencies, that each child was a blank slate (tabulas rasa) which are influenced by experience.
Piaget
Outlined the four stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational). Influenced the theories of Cognitive Structuralists.
Rousseau
Philosopher who suggested that a child could develop without help from society
Maslow
Phenomenological personality theorist known for The Maslow Hierarchy of Needs for self-actualization
Rogers
Phenomenological personality theorist known for his support of unconditional positive regard. He developed client-centered therapy which uses UPR as it’s mainstead
Skinner
Behaviorist who developed the principles of operant conditioning
Beck
Cognitive Behavioral Therapist known for his work with people with Depression
Dix
19th century advocate for USA asylum reform and treating people with MI like actual people.
Ellis
Cognitive Behavior Therapist known for his rational-emotive therapy
Kraepelin
Developed system for classifying MI in 19th century, which later led to development of DSM system.
Pinel
Worked in late 18th century to reform french asylums
Rosenhan
Investigated the effect of labels/stigma against people with MI by having fake patients admitted to mental wards to see how they were evaluated and treated
Seligman
Formulated theory of learned helplessness (and applied this to depression)
Szasz
Known for “The Myth of MI”, suggesting that most mental disorders treated by clinicians are “not really mental disorders”
Broca
French anatomist who identified Broca’s area, which is responsible for producing spoken language
Wernicke
German Neurologist who identified Wernicke’s area, which is responsible for understanding spoken language
Yerkes and Dodson
Developed theory that suggests that people perform best when they’re at intermediate levels of arousal (and not too high or too low)
Watson
An early and extreme behaviorist, Watson believed every aspect of a child was based upon learned experiences.
Known for his experiments with “Little Albert”, he suggested that the acquisition of phobias was due to classical conditioning.
Miller
Suggested that the capacity for short term memory is 7 (+/- 2) chunks/items
Whorf
Hypothesized that the language one learns determines how they perceive reality
Triplett
Known for publishing the first study of social psychology in 1898. He studied the effects of competition on performance (found that people perform better in the presence of others)
McDougall and Ross
Each independently published the first textbooks on social psychology
Verplank
1950s experimenter who demonstrated that people alter their behavior based on social approval (which helped to later establish reinforcement theory)
Festinger and Carlsmith
Ran experiments asking participants to lie about their belief for either $1 or $20. Most subjects lied, but those in the $1 group reported their belief was consistent with their lie (in order to justify their lie), Those in the $20 group didn’t adjust their beliefs (since they justified their lie by the money they earned).
Schachter
Conducted research which demonstrates that the greater anxiety one experiences, leads to a greater desire to affiliate with groups. However, those with increased anxiety typically prefer the company of others with increased anxiety. Therefore leading to the perception of increased similarity to
Zanjonc
Researched the mere exposure hypothesis and theorized that the presence of others increases arousal (and therefore enhances dominant responses).
Darley and Latane
Developed bystander intervention theories in response to the Kitty Genovese case. Two main theories were: social influence and diffusion of responsibility.
Sherif (Muzafer)
Known for his conformity study, using the autokinetic effect (an illusion that a single light is moving in a dark room). He found that individuals changed their estimates of how much the light moved to converge with the group norm. Also conducted the Robber’s Cave Experiment.
Hall (Edward)
Known for his study of proxemics and cultural norms
Zimbardo
Known for the prison simulation. Suggested that people who believe they are anonymous will be more likely to commit anti-social acts
Stoner (James)
Studied group decision making and risky shifts in the 60s.
Lewin (Kurt)
Known for studies with children regarding effectiveness of different leadership styles
Bem (Daryl)
Developed Self Perception Theory (as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory)
Heider
Developed Balance Theory, attribution theory (divided into dispositional and situational attributions)
Petty and Cacioppo
Developed the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (central vs peripheral routes to persuasion).
Hall (G. Stanley)
Known as the father of developmental psychology, he ran the first empirical studies on children, and was a founding member of the APA.
Gesell (Arnold)
A early nativist, Gesell proposed that development occurred due to maturational/biological processes, regardless of practice or training.
Terman (Lewis)
Ran first studies looking at gifted children (IQ about 135)
Vygotsky
Studied how culture influences a child’s cognitive development. Vygotsky suggested that development centered on a child’s internalization of the aspects of their culture.
Thomas + Chess
Performed a longitudinal study examining temperament and proposed three categories of infant style: easy, slow to warm up, and difficult.
Kagan (Jerome)
Conducted a seminal study of temperament and child behaviors. Found that temperament is a strong predictor of adult behaviors.
Wolff (Peter)
Conducted research with newborns using spectrograms to recognize patterns of crying.
Harlow (Harry)
Harlow is known for his studies regarding early bonding between children and their parents.
Bowlby
Conducted naturalistic (relatively) studies in the 1940s, he studied children who were raised in foster homes/orphanages.
Bowlby’s phases of Attachment Processes
Pre-attachment phase: lasts several weeks, and an infant reacts identically to every adult/smiling face
The Second Phase of Attachment: (3m.o.) reached when the infant discriminates between familiar and unfamiliar faces.
The Third Phase of Attachment: (6 m.o.) Infant seeks out and responds specifically to the mother
The Fourth Phase: (9-12m.o.) The child’s bonding intensifies and the child begins expressing stranger anxiety
The Fifth Phase: (2y.o.) The child protests the mother’s absence and has separation anxiety.
The Sixth Phase: (3y.o.) The child can separate from the mother without prolonged distress
Mary Ainsworth
Demonstrated the universality of Bowlby’s attachment processes, and is particularly know for her “strange situation” procedure to study the quality of mother child attachment relationship
Lorenz (Konrad)
Ethologist. Known for his work on mother-infant bonding and imprinting.
Kohlberg (Lawrence)
Known for studying the development of moral thought and action. He asserted there were six phases of moral thought associated with changes in cognitive structure.
Gilligan (Carol)
Known for criticizing Kohlberg’s theories of morality, especially for him only testing boys. She hypothesized that men had a rule-bound type of morality, and women had a more interpersonal/compassion based morality.
Martin and Halverson
Known for proposing Gender Schematic Processing Theory, which builds upon Kohlberg’s theory of gender
Baumrind (Diana)
Produced a great deal of research regarding parenting style/discipline. She proposed three parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive.
Tryon
Known for his studies regarding the genetic basis of maze running in rats
Sheldon (William)
Known for his early theory of personality which characterized people by body type
Boring (E.G.)
Psychological historian who believes that the development of psychology has been due to the changing of the zeitgeist, and not the findings of individual researchers.
Cerletti and Bini
Known for the first use of electro-shock to cute schizophrenia (incorrectly and dangerously)
Jung
Created own system of psychoanalytic theories focusing on interpersonal, sociological, and cultural influences. Coined the thoughts of the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious.
Adler (Alfred)
Known for his theory on immediate social imperatives and their effects on the unconscious. Known for his ideas regarding the inferiority complex, and the strive towards superiority.
Horney
Known for her theory of neurotic personality needs.
Freud (Anna)
Freud’s daughter, thought of as the founder of ego psychology, and known for her investigations of the conscious ego and it’s relation to the world.
Erickson
An ego psychologist, known for demonstrating how negative events could positively impact personality. His framework aimed to describe healthy people on their own terms, not just in opposition to unhealthy individuals. Also known for his psychosocial theory, he asserted that development is just a series of life crises, and as they are resolved by choosing between needs and social demands
Dollard and Miller
Known for blending psychoanalytic concepts into a behavioral stimulus-response reinforcement learning theory approach. They focused on conflicting motives or conflicting tendencies in personality development.
Kelly
Kelly theorized about human nature using himself as a model. He hypothesized that every human acts as a scientist, trying to test predictions and anticipate what others will do. Kelly asserted that dysfunction arises if someone had trouble making predictions and understanding their environment.
Cattell
A trait theorist known for using factor analysis to measure personality in a comprehensive system. He identified 16 basic traits that he thought created the building blocks for personality.
Eysenck
Used factor analysis to develop his theory of personality.He thought there were personality types, which covered broad dimensions, and then traits which were more specific aspects to a personality.
Allport
A trait theorist who listed 3 basic types of traits/dispositions: cardinal, central, secondary.
McClelland
Known for identifying a personality trait titled the “need for achievement” (aka N-Ach).
Witkin
Witkin aimed to draw relationships between individual personalities and the individual’s perception of the world.
Rotter
Known for his work regarding internal and external loci of control.
Bem (Sandra)
Known for her theories on gender identity and how it is related to personality theory. Bem postulates that since people can score very high on both measures of femininity and masculinity, these must be two separate gender dimensions.
Mischel
Known for criticizing the tendency to explain behaviors based on personalities. Mischel asserts that human behavior is determined by the situation, not the individual.
Bleuler
Coined term Schizophrenia in 1911
Gall
Created field of phrenology, in which people racistly used head bumps to predict personality.
Flourens
Worked in the early 1800s, was inspired by Gall and was one of the first people to study the functions of brain areas using Extirpation.
James (William)
(late 1800s), asserted that it was important to study the brain and how it adapted to it’s environment. One of the founders of functionalism.
Dewey
His article in 1896 is seen as the inception of functionalism.
Müller
Identified the law of specific nerve energies (which asserts that each sensory nerve is excited by only one type of energy).
Cannon
Completed the pioneering work regarding the automatic nervous system. Developed the idea of homeostasis.
Gazzaniga & Sperry
Known for studying the effects of a severed corpus callosum. This was studied with epileptic patients who had severed callosums as a last attempt to help them. They learned about split brain patients where the hemispheres function independently.
Kandel
Identified with sea snails that changes in neuron behavior underlie changes in behaviors.
Penfield
First to use electrical stimulation to record brain activity.
Hubel and Wiesel
Pioneered work on stimulating individual brain cells with electrodes to record activity in a single cell.
Esp. Famous for their work with cats.
Luria
Russian neurologist famous for his study of neuro-psychological disorders.
Weber
Published De Tactu which introduced Just Noticeable Differences in sensation.
Wertheimer
Founded Gestalt Psychology
Swets
Refined the use of ROC curves.
Berkeley
In 1700s, listed the various cues for depth and explained how we see depth from the 2-dimensional retina.
BroadBent
Known for proposing that selective attention acts as a filter between sensory stimuli and our processing systems. He hypothesized it was an all or nothing process, so that if we attend to a stimuli we process it, but if we aren’t attending we don’t.
Later empirically proven wrong.
Thorndike
Part of the functionalist system of thought, he was an early behaviorist who is most known for developing the law of effect.
Rescorla
Worked in the 1960s to demonstrate that classical conditioning was a matter of learning signals for the unconditioned stimuli. His approach is generally called a contingency explanation of classical conditioning.
Wolpe
Developed the technique of systematic desensitization.
Lorenz
Completed research which established the field of ethology- also known for his work on imprinting.
Wilson (EO)
Associated with Sociobiology. He asserts that behavior is due to complex interplay between genetics and environment.
Ebbinghaus
First modern researcher of memory in late 1800s. Used self as a subject to study memory with nonsense syllables.
Tversky and Kahneman
Known for studying the decision making process (and how it can go awry)
McClelland and Rumelhart
Known for publishing a book about information processing, suggesting the parallel distributed process and that information is distributed across the brain and processed in a parallel fashion.
Louis Thurstone
Identified seven abilities he called primary mental abilities (ie numbers, reasoning, verbal comprehension). He analyzed these in a more complex way then “g”, but not completely task specific (so less complex then “s”).
Spearman
Suggested that individual differences in intelligence are due to variations in the amount of a general, unitary factor, which he called “g”. He posited also that individuals had differences in ability to perform specific tasks, which he called “s”.
Maccoby and Jacklin
Studied gender differences in linguistic ability and found evidence that verbal abilities are better in girls (this is v controversial though)
Loftus
Studied eyewitness memories and the ability for eyewitnesses to be influenced by misleading information. Recently, she has studied the accuracy of repressed memories that return later in life.
Bartlett
Studied eyewitness memories and the ability for eyewitnesses to be influenced by misleading information. Recently, she has studied the accuracy of repressed memories that return later in life.
Terman
Revised the Binet-Simon test (The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test) to be used in the USA.
Stern
Developed an equation to compare mental age to chronological age, later known as an IQ score.
Binet
published the first intelligence test (The Binet-Simon Test) with Theodore Simon. Test was originally used to determine which ID children in France would not benefit from ordinary schooling. Binet also introduced the concept of a mental age.
Cattel
A student of wundt, he brought mental testing to the USA.
Kulpe
Disagreed with Wundt and proposed that thought could be without mental images, his work went on to prove his hypothesis.
Wundt
Wundt was the one who brought fields together to study psychology as a science. He believed that experimental psychology was very limited since the methodology could not be used to study higher mental processes.
He also believed that there was no thought without mental image.
