People

Question 1

Louis Pasteur. 1861

Answer 1

Germ theory, He proved that germs cause disease

Question 2

Koch

Answer 2

Kochs postulates for germ theory- if A particular parasite caused disease.

1. Found in suffering, not in healthy
2. Removed and grown in culture
3. Cultured microbe can cause disease in another
4. Microbe can be identified as identical to causative agent

This does not work for chronic disease

Question 3

John Graunt 1662

Answer 3

Bills of mortality, birth of vital statistics, collected information including name and cause of death and details related to each death

Question 4

William Farr, 1800s

Answer 4

Registrar of England, first to do statistical data, built on graunts bills of mortality

Question 5

John snow 1840s

Answer 5

Cholera outbreak in London, Broad Street pump, First public health intervention based on actual evidence. Use the data map. Removal of pump handle save potential thousands of lives

Question 6

Edward Jenner, 1761

Answer 6

Created first vaccine. Created smallpox vaccine from cowpox

Question 7

Fleming, 1928

Answer 7

Accidental growth of penicillin fungus on staph in Petri dish, Used to heal staph wounds on soldiers. This led to the epidemiological shift from infectious to chronic disease

Question 8

James Lind, 1753

Answer 8

Used comparison groups to find that oranges cured is scurvy. First to use experimental group that was being manipulated

Question 9

Hippocrates. 500 ad

Answer 9

First to say we need to separate health and medicine from religion, focus on environmental habits

Question 10

Black death in Venice, 1348

Answer 10

First time quarantine was used to stop spread of illness, was successful

Question 11

The Framingham study begins, 1948

Answer 11

A cohort study. Epitome of successful epidemiological study. Followed around 5000 participants over a lifetime. Marked a shift from infectious disease to chronic.

Question 12

Streptomycin tuberculosis trial, 1946

Answer 12

Four innovations. First Randomized trial, restricted patient eligibility, data collection, and considered ethical issues.

Question 13

Hills postulates, Criteria for establishing causation

Answer 13

Strength of association, consistency of the observed association, specificity, temporality, biologic gradient, Biological plausibility, coherence, experiment, analogy

Works for chronic disease

Question 14

Salk 1953

Answer 14

Polio vaccine

Question 15

Guthrie 1960

Answer 15

PKU test, First genetic screening test

Question 16

1980 smallpox

Answer 16

Eradication of smallpox