Module 1

Question 1

Strengths and weaknesses of the epidemiological triangles in modern public health

Answer 1

Strengths, helps with at sassing the different elements affecting how, when, and who gets a disease. Opens up this idea to chronic diseases and what factors affect their cause. Shows areas where interventions can be made.

Weaknesses, not everything that causes disease can be easily categorized, certain factors may go beyond what information is requested in the triangle, the traditional triangle is only useful for infectious disease.

Question 2

The life course model

Answer 2

Provides a construct for interpreting how people’s experiences in their early years influence there later health and functioning. From inner circle to outer circle: individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy. These are all across the life course.

Question 3

Socio-ecological model

Answer 3

Same as life course model however it occurs only at one point in time. Not good for studying chronic diseases because of this.

From inner to outer circles: individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy

Question 4

System model: feedback loops

Answer 4

Changes in stocks and flows. What you do in order to maintain and stabilize the system

Example of when you have a cold : call off work, rest at home, take medications to ease symptoms and start to regain strength

Question 5

System model: stocks and flows

Answer 5

Foundations of the system, elements you can see count and measure. The Stocks change based on the flow.

Example of when you have a cold:
Stocks: contact with others with cold, experience stress due to work, immune system starts to suffer
Flows: onset of common cold, coughing and sneezing

Question 6

System model: interconnections

Answer 6

Everything coming together, the elements organized in a way that achieve something. (The Arrows between the Stocks flows and feedback loop)

Example with common cold: stocks lead to flows, then feedback loop goes back to stocks

Question 7

Risk regulator model a.k.a. the glass-McAtee model

Answer 7

Expands the socio-ecological model to account for the life course, includes social factors above water and biological factors below water.

Above water inner to outer)
Micro (groups, Family)
Mezzo (worksite, school, community) macro(National, state)
Global

In the center is the interaction of human action and the genetic component: constraints, opportunity, expression, embodiment, human action and behavior

Underwater inner to outer: 
Multi organ system
Cellular
Sub cellular
Genomic substrate

Question 8

Primordial prevention

Answer 8

Aspires to establish and maintain conditions to minimize hazards to health. Uses public policy

Examples
policy enacted to ban cigarette smoking in public places to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke
National policy and program a nutrition involving the agricultural sector, the food industry and the food import export sector

Question 9

Primary prevention

Answer 9

Aim to reduce exposure and development of adverse health outcome among the total population. Prevention of disease

Examples
Prevention of risk factors
Distraction of mosquito habitats to reduce the thought of malaria in a community

Question 10

Secondary prevention

Answer 10

Aim to screen, treat, and prevent progression of disease through early detection strategies

Examples
Breast screening’s to reduce the death rate from breast cancer
Blood pressure measurements and treatment of hypertension to reduce progression of various chronic diseases

Question 11

Tertiary prevention

Answer 11

Aim to reduce the consequences of the disease and promote well-being through effective management strategies

Examples
Rehabilitation of patients with injuries, strokes and blindness
Engaging in an exercise to improve heart health of someone who has experienced a heart attack
Self management programs for those living with chronic disease

Question 12

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics

Answer 12

Descriptive statistics summer is a sample from a population. Inferential statistics make an inference about an entire population parameter based on what information is collected from the sample.

Question 13

Standard deviation

Answer 13

This measures variability, very commonly used in statistics. It is the square root of the variance. It measures the dispersion of the sample

Question 14

Epidemiology

Answer 14

The study of the distribution and determinants of death, disease, and disability and human populations, and the application of this study to control health problems

Question 15

What is the public health approach question four steps

Answer 15

One surveillance, what is the problem
Two. Risk factor identification, what is the cause
Three. Intervention evaluation, what works
Four. Implementation, how do you replicate it

Question 16

Frequency

Answer 16

A type of assessment, quantification of how often it occurs

Question 17

Distribution

Answer 17

A measure of assessment, analysis of disease patterns

Question 18

What is the goal of public health

Answer 18

Protecting and promoting the health of the population, Where health is identified as well-being, meaning physical mental and social spiritual health, etc.

Question 19

The systems approach definition and the three themes

Answer 19

A broader approach, how things interact within the system. This allows us to better understand what’s overall affecting health so we can better help

Three themes are collaboration across disciplines, I’m going interactive learning, transformational leadership

Question 20

Three core functions of public health

Answer 20

Policy development, assessment, assurance

Question 21

Four types of factors in causation

Answer 21

I 1. Predisposing :age, sex or previous illness that may create a state of susceptibility to a disease

2. Enabling: things that can be changed. Low income, poor nutrition, bad housing or in adequate medical care conversely these can be things that assist in recovery or maintenance
3. precipitating: exposure to a disease or noxious agent
4. Reinforcing: repeated exposure or undo work or stress may aggravate an established disease or state

Question 22

Health promotion

Answer 22

Supporting community to take charge of their own health. Need to do assessment and find out what community perceives as a priority and how it lines up with a public health goal

Question 23

Health protection

Answer 23

Activities undertaken by public health agencies, usually a primordial or primary intervention

Question 24

Biostatistics

Answer 24

Application of statistical principles to medical, public health, and biological research

Question 25

Sample

Answer 25

A subset of the population. Can summarize sample and make inferences about population if random, if not random this is conditional and cannot make inferences.

Question 26

Parameter versus statistic

Answer 26

A summary measure computed on a population versus a summary measure computed on a sample

Question 27

Descriptive statistic versus inferential statistic

Answer 27

Summarizing a sample from a population versus making an inference about a population parameter based on sample statistics

Question 28

Types of variables

Answer 28

Dichotomous, ordinal, categorical, continuous

Question 29

Interquartile range and outliers

Answer 29

I QR= Q3 -Q1

Outlier if exceeds Q3+ 1.5 IQR or below Q1 - 1.5 IQR

If there are no outliers sample mean and standard deviation are good summary of central tendency however if there are outliers median and IQR are better to summarize

Question 30

distribution: normal symmetrical, negative skew, positive skew

Answer 30

Normal symmetrical has no Skew
Negative skew has outliers to the left
Positive skew has outliers to the right

Question 31

DDT

Answer 31

A powerful insecticide proven to work against mosquitoes, had to stop being used in South America due to environmental damage. This is the cause of the reemergence of malaria in South America

Question 32

Tuberculosis

Answer 32

Spread by particles in the air from a sick person in a cough or speak other person breathes it in

Question 33

First disease in history to be eradicated

Answer 33

Smallpox

Question 34

What is the key to eradicating disease

Answer 34

Early detection and quick action and treatment

Question 35

Ebola

Answer 35

Spread by droplet and direct contact, high pathogenicity. No vaccination yet