Module 4

Question 1

Genetic mutation

Answer 1

A defect or alteration in a DNA sequence

Question 2

Genetic replication process in Mammalian cells

Answer 2

DNA is unwound the nucleotides are matched to each nucleotide in the beast strand, then two identical DNA is have been created

Question 3

Gene

Answer 3

Segments of DNA that code for a certain type of protein

Question 4

Dominant trait

Answer 4

A genetic trait that will appear in the child if one of the parents has the dominant trait, the dominant allele of a gene masks the recessive allele

Question 5

Recessive trait

Answer 5

The recessive allele only is expressed with the allele combination of aa , Where the dominant allele A would mask the recessive

Question 6

DNA

Answer 6

Genetic material, carried on 23 pairs of chromosomes. Spiral molecule with in each cells nucleus, the basis of heredity

Question 7

Mononucleotide

Answer 7

Subunits of DNA that are reoccurring, one purine or pyrimidine, and one phosphoric acid and 2-deoxyderibose molecule

Question 8

Point mutation

Answer 8

A single nucleotide base is replaced by different base at one point in the DNA molecule

Question 9

Mutagens

Answer 9

Something from the environment, like a chemical, that causes mutations

Question 10

Teratogens

Answer 10

External factors that cause genetic issues during embryonic development. Example is radiation exposure during pregnancy causes genetic issues for the fetus

Question 11

Examples of teratogens

Answer 11

Alcohol causes fetal alcohol syndrome

Anesthesia causes miscarriage

Cigarette smoke causes low birth weight

Dioxin causes miscarriage

Methyl mercury in fish causes mental abnormalities

Thalidomide , A sedative in Europe, caused absence of long bones in arms and legs

Question 12

Punnets square for genes

Answer 12

Columns are A a
Rows are A a

They match up to show how genes may be expressed

Question 13

Newborn screening

Answer 13

Helps to identify rare genetic disorder’s. Doctors can identify those with diseases early and early treatment can avoid many complications

Question 14

Genetic predisposition

Answer 14

Genetic abnormalities can be inherited causing a predisposition to a certain condition or disease.

Example Spherocytosis is a hereditary disease that is caused by a mutation, the child inherits this genetic mutation leading to the disease

Question 15

Causation

Answer 15

A relationship exist between a particular cause and effect, shows causality

One event leads to an outcome like not brushing your teeth leads to cavities

Question 16

Correlation

Answer 16

Two related or connected events that are independent of one another, one does not cause another. Can have negative or positive correlation

Two things are associated but one does not cause another but they can fluctuate together or move in opposite directions from each other

Question 17

Comparison of correlation and causation

Answer 17

Correlation does not mean causation they are two separate concepts. In research studies this is important because even though a certain exposure may seem to cause an outcome, they may just to be correlated, meaning one does not cause another.

Question 18

Agent

Answer 18

Whatever is responsible for causing the adverse health effects

Question 19

Biological agents

Answer 19

Bacteria, fungus, virus, parasite, etc. something biological that can cause adverse effects if exposed

Question 20

Chemical agents

Answer 20

Chemicals such as arisen, mustard gas, sarin, that cause dangerous side effects and disease to those exposed

Question 21

Carrier in infectious disease

Answer 21

A person who is carrying an infectious disease but shows no symptoms

Question 22

Genetics

Answer 22

The study of genes and heredity

Chromosome abnormalities and single gene disorders considers only parts of the DNA

Question 23

Genomics

Answer 23

The study of the DNA sequence as a whole

Question 24

Herd immunity

Answer 24

A certain percent of the population has immunity and this can help protect those without

Question 25

Immuno logical response

Answer 25

The bodies defensive reaction to what appears to be harmful

Question 26

Pathogenesis

Answer 26

The process that leads to the development of a diseased state

Question 27

Physical agents

Answer 27

Energy sources that can lead to disease, such as extreme temperature, noise, UV rays

Question 28

Reservoir

Answer 28

Anything, living or not, that provides an environment where an organism can thrive, and be transmitted to others

Question 29

Vector

Answer 29

What carries the organism or pathogen, and transfers it to a Nother or to the host, from the host

Question 30

Virulence

Answer 30

Measures the ability of the organism to cause damage to the host

Question 31

Incubation

Answer 31

The organism enters the body and begins to infect the host, before symptoms occur

Question 32

Cancer

Answer 32

Multiple mutations in genes responsible for controlling cell division

Question 33

Metabolic diseases

Answer 33

Any disease that causes issues with the body’s metabolism that is caused by mutations of single genes

Question 34

Congenital disease

Answer 34

Develop in the fetus during gestation or at birth

Question 35

Relationship between risk ratio and odds ratio

Answer 35

When a disease is rare that is being examined the odds ratio can approximate the risk ratio. When prevalence is less than 10%. These measures can show relationships between certain exposures or risk factors and disease incidence. This can help researchers see relationships that need further investigation. Odds ratio is used for case-control studies. Risk ratio’s can be used can be used for other studies

Question 36

Probability

Answer 36

Probability are numbers that reflects the likelihood of a particular event occurring. The numerical values of probabilities range from 0 to 1, or 0 to 100%. A probability of zero means no change that a particular event will occur in contrast probability of one the event will certainly occur

Question 37

Compare and contrast probability and relative risk

Answer 37

Probability is the chance of a particular occurrence out of all possible occurrences while relative risk is comparing incidence among two different groups, not out of a total. They both can be used to show a likelihood of something

Question 38

Relationship between regression and correlation

Answer 38

Regression, the correlation is how much the variable will change based on another. The correlation is how much the variables are related in the regression