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Personality > PEN Theory > Flashcards

PEN Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Eysenck describes personality in a hierarchy of constructs from _____ to ______

A

Acts to Factors

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2
Q

Acts are organized into _____, which are organized into _____, then organized into (or conditioned by) ______

A

habits, traits, Factors

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3
Q

As we move from Acts to Factors, we are also moving from ….

A

the most experiential /nurture to the most genetically determined aspects of personality/nature.

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4
Q

Define acts

A

At the smallest atomic level we have acts (behaviours or cognitions - beliefs/thoughts)

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5
Q

define habits

A

inter co-related groups of individual acts or thoughts

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6
Q

define traits

A

Habits are also inter co-related

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7
Q

define factors

A

inter correlated traits - if we are high in one trait you tend to be high in certain other traits, called these relations factors

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8
Q

At the bottom we see aspects of personality that are determined by ________ and at the top of the hierarchy are aspects of behaviour primarily determined by _________

A

experiences, genetics

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9
Q

Eysenck’s theory focuses on what?

A

the most general (and most genetically-determined) aspects of personality: The factors.

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10
Q

He argues for three independent factors, described as __________

A

demensions

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11
Q

what were the 3 demensions

A
  1. Extroversion-Introversion
  2. Neuroticism-Stability
  3. Psychoticism-Ego Control
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12
Q

extraversion and interversion are associated with what behaviours

A

extraversion: Sociability, activity, assertiveness, Sensation-seeking, Dominance, Venturesomeness, Carefree-ness
introversion: opposite

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13
Q

Neuroticism and stability are associated with what traits?

A
  • Neuroticism: Anxiousness, Depression, Low Self-Esteem, Shyness, Moodiness, Tenseness, Irrationality, Emotionality
    • High neuroticism is much higher risk than high stability
  • Stability: No emotional responses to anything. No highs no lows.
    ex. Good for pilots and surgeons but bad in personal interactions
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14
Q

when was psychoticsm-egocontrol added

A

Most recent -1970sby looking at criminal populations

* both orthoginal demensions

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15
Q

traits associated with psychoticism

A

Aggressiveness, Coldness, Egocentricity, Impulsivity, Antisociality, Unempathic, Tough-mindedness, Creativity
* most people fully ego control

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16
Q

Explain Eysenck personality inventory (EPI)

A

assess only the first two types (extraversion/ neuroticism)

  • contained 57 simple statements and individuals had to indicate how much they agreed with each
  • In order to determine you’re level of the four factors
17
Q

explain Eysenck Personality Questionaire (EPQ)

A

he added psychoticism and ego control a new test was developed with 90 statements
→ Both are widely used today

18
Q

How do the four combinations created at the extremes of both dimensions in Eysneck’s model map easily onto the four basic personality types hypothesized by the Hippocrates-Galen type model ?

A 
• Stable Extravert = Sanguine personality type
- easy going, difficult to upset
•Neurotic Extravert = Choleric
- easily aroused, aggressive
•Stable introvert = Phlegmatic 
- Calm, quiet, easy going
•Neurotic Introvert = Melancholic 
- prone to depression, sadness, negative
19
Q

How does performance correlate with brain arousal

A
  • Inverse U shaped relationship between the amount of arousal and performance
  • Optimal performance (cognitive efficiency) is when you have medium brain arousal
20
Q

An _______ is actually under aroused and the ______is over aroused

A

extrovert, introvert

21
Q

what is the - Reticular activation system

A

in the base of the brain that is strongly connected to states of arousal, RAS sends nerve impulses to the cortex

22
Q

What does it mean to say Extreme extroverts have an underactive RAS

A

– meaning cortical arousal is bellow optimal arousal. To deal with this extroverts perform behaviours that raise the level of activity in his/her cortex such as risks and parties

23
Q

What does it mean to say RAS is over active in introverts

A

therefor the brain/ cortex is over aroused
→ Because the brain is too aroused performance is bellow average
→ To compensate for over arousal they keep to themselves avoid social engagements, in an attempt to lower the activity in the environment

24
Q

difference between the time line of extrovert and introvert arousal

A

extroverts
→ Excitation develops slowly and is weak after stimulation
→ Reactive inhibition develops quickly and is strong
Introverts
→ Excitation to a stimulus develops quickly and is strong, then reactive inhibition develops slowly and is weak

25
Q

Which progression of arousal is better for learning?

A

intense level of cortical activities is good for learning (10% - 15% better learning abilities than extroverts)

26
Q

What disorders are introverts and extroverts prone to?

A

Introverts
→ disorders caused by learning – such as anxiety disorders (learn to fear)

Extroverts
→ Hysterical Symptoms – conversion disorder (imagined physical ailments)
→Antisocial- psychopathic behaviours

27
Q

• ______verts have Faster pupillary contraction (excitatory response) slower dilation (inhibitory response)

A

introverts

28
Q

extroverts Require _____ levels of sedation (because brains are already under aroused) to reach sedation threshold

A

lower

29
Q

_____ Higher pain tolerance

A

extroverts

30
Q

Introverts: Learn more ______, forget more _____

A

quickly, slowly

31
Q

Eysenck attributes the Neuroticism-Stability dimension to differences in the threshold of arousal of the ______________

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS), –based perhaps on structures in the hypothalamus.

32
Q

Persons high in neuroticism have an ANS with a ____ threshold

A

Low

- Their ANS is easily activated by external events, so they experience emotions more strongly, and more often.

33
Q

Highly stable individuals have an ANS with a ____ threshold:

A

High
It takes a very intense experience to generate the physiological correlates of emotion. Absent or small emotional responses

34
Q

High levels of _________ are associated with high levels of psychoticism in men AND women

A

testosterone

True in females and males – dominant, aggressive people are more likely to have high testosterone

35
Q

individuals ____ is psychoticism tend to be low in MOA

A

High
MAO is involved in breaking down neurotransmitters(meaning monamine transmitters are more active/ active longer than normal)

36
Q

MAO levels ________correlated with impulsivity

- MAO levels ______ correlated with aggressiveness

A

negatively

37
Q

a substantial majority of psychopathic killers referred for psychiatric examination are _______

A

Extroverts

38
Q

_______more likely to drop out of university due to social stress than are ________

A

introverts, extroverts

Personality (9 decks)

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