Factor Analytic Trait Theories Flashcards

Question

explain Zuckerman & Kulman’s Alternate Five

Answer 1

``` • Sociability (agreeableness and extroversion) • Neuroticism / Anxiety • Impulsive Sensation-Seeking (Conscientiousness, extroversion and openness) • Aggression / Hostility (agreeableness and willlfullness) • Activity (extroversion and openness) → Not numbered → Zuckerman interested in tying these factors to underlying physiological explainations ```

Answer 2

→ attempt to tie together higher-level personality constructs (traits and factors) with low level cognitive/behavioral tendencies, emotions, and underlying physiochemical systems in the brain → Zuckerman focuses on the possible role of major neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine).

Answer 3

→ High levels of MAO in blood platelets = low levels of Dopamine activity → Low levels of MAO in blood platelets = High levels of Dopamine activity • He is saying low brain activity is associated with high sensation seekers (extroverts in eysenck’s model)

Answer 4

low level MAO = High levels of dopamine are associated with high levels of): - Impulsive sensation-seeking - Sociability - Aggression-Hostility

Answer 5

- Chronic marijuana use (sensation seeking – they want additional sensations) - Chronic schizophrenia (MAO is lower = dopamine higher) - Adults with borderline, antisocial PD - Children with ADHD, conduct disorder(childhood version)

Answer 6

Eysenck → they each have the same optimal level of arousal → Extroverts are bellow this level (under aroused) → Introverts are above this level (over aroused) * looking at cortical activity Zuckerman → Extroverts have a much higher optimal dopamine level, and though they have more activity than introverts they are bellow their optimal and are thus under aroused → Introverts have a very low optimal arousal level and are above it (over aroused) even though they have less activity overall than extroverts

Answer 7

→ Looking at essentially the same things with different names → The big 5 friendliness is negatively correlated with the Alt 5 aggression → The big five Conscientiousness is negatively correlated with Eysenck’s Psychoticism → All other factors are positively correlated

Answer 8

``` 1. Honesty-humility • Sincere • Modest • Fair-minded 2. Emotionality • Anxiety • Vulnerability • Sentimentality 3. Extraversions • Sociability • Liveliness • activity 4. Agreeableness • gentleness • patience • Tolerance 5. Conscientiousness • Organization • Discipline 6. Openness • Creativity • Innovativeness • Unconventionality ```

Answer 9

→ They showed that people in Italy, hungary and Greece don’t have openness in their lexicon → Extraversion and consciensciouness is the same in Filipino (tagalog) → 6 factors emerge in language lexicons: Dutch, Hungarian, Polish, Korean, French, German and Italian → Reanalysis of English lexicon also extracts 6 factor dimensions

Answer 10

→ Combined trait lexicons from 10 languages → Translated them to English, combined them and then looked for common trait descriptions (by looking at trait descriptions people had given of themselves) → Argued you only need 3 broad factors 1. Affiliation - accounts for .57 correlation of honesty-humiliation - .64 with agreeableness 2. Dynamism - .88 with extraversion 3. Order - .82 with conscientiousness - .44 emotionality * one thing they couldn’t account for was openness → Amount of variance accounted through this model was highest for German, lowest for Filipino with English right above

Answer 11

``` • Little about personality development • Little clinical relevanc • Lots of overlap among factors • No mention of unconscious at all • Relation between traits, cognitions? • No better at predicting behavior than any other model - It is also post-dictive ```

Answer 12

- 1930 Cattell- earliest use of factor analysis → applied factor analysis to the traits of personality – not in natural language → Used test scores/ personality tests → Factors were allowed to be correlates → Cattell identified 16 factors in personality, and gave many of them unusual names - Affectia, Premsia, Surgency etc.

Answer 13

we begin with no assumptions about the factors involved .... we are looking for a predetermined set of factors

Answer 14

1. factor analysis doesn't 'name' or identify the underlying factors that it reveals. 2. we can describe the factors identified in a factor analysis as cognitive patterns, unconscious factors, etc., as well as traits. 3. there is no single factor-analytic solution: the same set of data can be factor-analyzed in several different ways. 4. factor analysis cannot be used to test for the existence of hypothetical constructs.

Answer 15

charles spearman

Answer 16

1. there will be more nonorthogonal factors than orthogonal ones. 2. in an orthogonal analysis, none of the factors will be correlated with each other.

Answer 17

1. reveals underlying patterns of relatedness in groups of dependent measures or scores.