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Personality > Factor Analytic Trait Theories > Flashcards

Factor Analytic Trait Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Factor Analytic Trait Theories

A

A set of mathematical statistical techniques whose soul purpose is to examine a set of intercorrelated measures (such that one kind of answer is related to the answers of another question)

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2
Q

Purpose of Factor Analytic Trait Theories:

A

Hypothesize a way to explain correlation by referring to a smaller number of underlying factors whose influence on these questions could explain the relation in these answers

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3
Q

Factor Analytic Trait Theory Produces:

A

set of equations describing the factor and indicating the extent to which it influences each of the intercorrelated items

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4
Q

What is factor loading

A

extent to which answer is influenced by the hypothesized factor

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5
Q

What traits do you look at? how do you decide which are correlated?

A

eliminated synonyms = down to 500
→ then gave this list to people and asked them to rate themselves on each trait
→ then looked at the intercorrelations
→ then look at the patterns of those that are .6 or above - identify clusters and hypothesizes that they are all influenced by an underlying factor

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6
Q

Does factor analysis find real things?

A

Does NOT find ‘real’ things – they are hypothetical constructs (Telling mathematical stories that make sense of observations)

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7
Q

The decision of what the hypothesized underlying factor is up to

A

the researcher who conducted the factor analysis and depends on the theoretical orientation of the researcher

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8
Q

WHat does the factor depend (other than researchers orientation)

A

→ Also depends what data you put in (in our case it was collections of traits).
- Results depend on parameters set up before the analysis:
→ I.e. whether you will constrain to only reveal Orthogonal vs non-orthogonal factors (Either related or unrelated factors)

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9
Q

What are orthoginal traits

A

how you score on one doesn’t influence the other
→ Extroversion, introversion, neuroticism etc. are orthogonal such that you score on one of the traits says nothing about your score on another

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10
Q

What Makes a Factor ‘Basic’

A

it must be:
• Reliable: Stable over time and across observers (makes the assumption that personality traits do not change)
• Used by both Theorists and laypersons (How everyday people talk about personality)
• Appear across cultures
• Must have a biological basis ( anything that is not biological will vay across time and culture)

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11
Q

The Big Five – costa and Mccray

what are teh factors?

A
  • Demension 1: Extroversion – Introversion
  • Demension 2: Agreeableness
  • Dimension 3: Conscientiousness (dependable) – Will (unreliable)
  • Dimension 4: Neuroticism – Emotional Stability
  • Dimension 5: Intellect (openness)
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12
Q

Alternate names for Demension 1: Extroversion – Introversion

A 
o	Social Adaptability
o	Assertiveness
o	Sociability and Ambition
o	Positive Emotionality
o	Interpersonal
o	Involvement
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13
Q

Alternate names for Demension 2: Agreeableness

A 
o	Conformity
o	Friendliness-hostility
o	Likeability 
o	Friendly Compliance
o	Sociability
o	Love
o	Level of Socialization
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14
Q

Alternate names for Dimension 3: Conscientiousness (dependable) – Will (unreliable)

A 
o	Will to Achieve
o	Dependability
o	Task Interest
o	Prudence
o	Impulsivity
o	Self-Control
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15
Q

Alternate names for Dimension 4: Neuroticism – Emotional Stability

A

o Emotional Control
o Emotionality
o Adjustment
o Emotional Stability

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16
Q

Alternate names for Dimension 5: Intellect (openness)

A

o Curiosity
o Interest in exploring
o Breadth of interest

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17
Q

What are the traits associated with dimension 1

A 
Extraversion-Introversion
•	Warmth
•	Gregareousness 
•	Assertiveness
•	Activity
•	Excitement
•	Positive Emotions
18
Q

What are the traits associated with dimension 2

A 
Agreeableness
•	Trust
•	Altruism
•	Modesty
•	Striaghtforwardness
•	Compliance
•	Tender mindedness
19
Q

What are the traits associated with dimension 3

A 
Conscientiousness – Will
•	Competence
•	Dutifullness
•	Self-Discipline
•	Order
•	Achievement striving
•	Deliberation
20
Q

What are the traits associated with dimension 4

A 
Neuroticism – Emotional Stability
•	Anxeity
•	Depression
•	Impulsiveness
•	Angry Hostlity
•	Self-consciousness
•	Vulnerability
21
Q

What are the traits associated with dimension 5

A 
Intellect (openness)
•	Fantasy
•	Aesthetics
•	Feelings
•	Actions
•	Ideas
•	Values
22
Q

explain the Neuroticism, extroversion, openness Personality Inventory (NEOPI)

A

→ Personality test – the NEOPI revised includes the other two factors
→ One of the most common assessments
→ 200 statements that one agrees or disagrees with

23
Q

what are the Changes in Big Five Factors with Age

A
  • Social dominance (facet of extraversion) - Up especially between 20 and 40
  • Conscientiousness - Up especially between 20 and 40
  • Emotional Stability (neuroticism) - Up especially between 20 and 40
  • Social Vitality (extraversion) - Up in adolescence; down in old age
  • Openness - Up in adolescence; down in old age (tend to be more conservative – ex. Older voters are more conservative)
  • Agreeableness - Up in old age – more friendly
24
Q

what are the Cultural Differences in Big 5

A

European/American (compared to Asians and Africans)
• Extraversion is higher – explanation: people who settled in America were more risk taking/ adventurers
- WE also have a bias for rewarding extroversion
• Openness is Higher – new ideas/approaches
• Agreeableness is lower

25
Q

explain Zuckerman & Kulman’s Alternate Five

A 
•  Sociability 
     (agreeableness and extroversion)
•  Neuroticism / Anxiety
•  Impulsive Sensation-Seeking             (Conscientiousness, extroversion and openness) 
•  Aggression / Hostility 
(agreeableness and willlfullness) 
•  Activity 
(extroversion and openness) 
→ Not numbered 
→ Zuckerman interested in tying these factors to underlying physiological explainations
26
Q

how did Zuckerman attempt to explain Underlying Physiology

A

→ attempt to tie together higher-level personality constructs (traits and factors) with low level cognitive/behavioral tendencies, emotions, and underlying physiochemical systems in the brain
→ Zuckerman focuses on the possible role of major neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine).

27
Q

how do Low Blood Platelet MAO levels explain the Alternate 5

A

→ High levels of MAO in blood platelets = low levels of Dopamine activity
→ Low levels of MAO in blood platelets = High levels of Dopamine activity
• He is saying low brain activity is associated with high sensation seekers (extroverts in eysenck’s model)

28
Q

which of the alternative 5 are low levels of MAO associated with? (traits)

A

low level MAO = High levels of dopamine are associated with high levels of):

  • Impulsive sensation-seeking
  • Sociability
  • Aggression-Hostility
29
Q

what behaviours are correlated with having low levels of MAO?

A
  • Chronic marijuana use (sensation seeking – they want additional sensations)
  • Chronic schizophrenia (MAO is lower = dopamine higher)
  • Adults with borderline, antisocial PD
  • Children with ADHD, conduct disorder(childhood version)
30
Q

Eyseneck’s view vs. Zuckerman’s view of the difference b/w introverts and extroverts

A

Eysenck
→ they each have the same optimal level of arousal
→ Extroverts are bellow this level (under aroused)
→ Introverts are above this level (over aroused)
* looking at cortical activity
Zuckerman
→ Extroverts have a much higher optimal dopamine level, and though they have more activity than introverts they are bellow their optimal and are thus under aroused
→ Introverts have a very low optimal arousal level and are above it (over aroused) even though they have less activity overall than extroverts

31
Q

what is the Overlap Between triats in the 2 Models

A

→ Looking at essentially the same things with different names
→ The big 5 friendliness is negatively correlated with the Alt 5 aggression
→ The big five Conscientiousness is negatively correlated with Eysenck’s Psychoticism
→ All other factors are positively correlated

32
Q

what is the Six factor Model - HEXACO (factors and their associated traits)

A 
1. Honesty-humility
•	Sincere
•	Modest
•	Fair-minded
2. Emotionality
•	Anxiety
•	Vulnerability
•	Sentimentality
3. Extraversions
•	Sociability
•	Liveliness
•	activity
4. Agreeableness
•	gentleness
•	patience
•	Tolerance
5. Conscientiousness
•	Organization
•	Discipline
6. Openness
•	Creativity
•	Innovativeness
•	Unconventionality
33
Q

Why was HEXACO developped

A

→ They showed that people in Italy, hungary and Greece don’t have openness in their lexicon
→ Extraversion and consciensciouness is the same in Filipino (tagalog)
→ 6 factors emerge in language lexicons: Dutch, Hungarian, Polish, Korean, French, German and Italian
→ Reanalysis of English lexicon also extracts 6 factor dimensions

34
Q

what was De Raad et al - New Publication in 2014?

A

→ Combined trait lexicons from 10 languages
→ Translated them to English, combined them and then looked for common trait descriptions (by looking at trait descriptions people had given of themselves)
→ Argued you only need 3 broad factors
1. Affiliation
- accounts for .57 correlation of honesty-humiliation
- .64 with agreeableness
2. Dynamism
- .88 with extraversion
3. Order
- .82 with conscientiousness
- .44 emotionality
* one thing they couldn’t account for was openness
→ Amount of variance accounted through this model was highest for German, lowest for Filipino with English right above

35
Q

What were the critiques of trait theory?

A 
•	Little about personality development 
•	Little clinical relevanc
•	Lots of overlap among factors
•	No mention of unconscious at all
•	Relation between traits, cognitions?
•	No better at predicting behavior than any other model
- It is also post-dictive
36
Q

What is 16 PF test and who developed it

A
  • 1930 Cattell- earliest use of factor analysis
    → applied factor analysis to the traits of personality – not in natural language
    → Used test scores/ personality tests
    → Factors were allowed to be correlates
    → Cattell identified 16 factors in personality, and gave many of them unusual names
  • Affectia, Premsia, Surgency etc.
37
Q

In an exploratory factor analysis _________, while in a confirmatory factor analysis _________

A

we begin with no assumptions about the factors involved …. we are looking for a predetermined set of factors

38
Q

What should we keep in mind when using factor analysis?

A
  1. factor analysis doesn’t ‘name’ or identify the underlying factors that it reveals.
  2. we can describe the factors identified in a factor analysis as cognitive patterns, unconscious factors, etc., as well as traits.
  3. there is no single factor-analytic solution: the same set of data can be factor-analyzed in several different ways.
  4. factor analysis cannot be used to test for the existence of hypothetical constructs.
39
Q

which of the Alternate 5 factors is LEAST strongly related to any of the Big 5

A

Activity?

40
Q

The technique of factor analysis was originally developed by

A

charles spearman

41
Q

If we compare factor analysis that extracts orthogonal factors with one set up to extract non-orthogonal factors we find:

A
  1. there will be more nonorthogonal factors than orthogonal ones.
  2. in an orthogonal analysis, none of the factors will be correlated with each other.
42
Q

The technique of factor analysis

A
  1. reveals underlying patterns of relatedness in groups of dependent measures or scores.

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