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2020 MHS Anatomy unit 2 > pelvis viscera 2 of 2 > Flashcards

pelvis viscera 2 of 2 Flashcards

1
Q

specify the location of the following

  1. bulbourethral glands
  2. seminal vesicles
  3. testes
  4. urethra
    1. prostatic
    2. membranous
    3. spongy (penile)
  5. prostate
  6. ductus (vas) deferens
  7. epididymis
  8. ejaculatory ducts
A
  1. perineum
    1. testes
    2. epididymus
    3. urethra
      1. membranous
      2. spongy (penile)
    4. bulbourethral glands
  2. pelvis
    1. seminal vesicles
    2. ejeactularoy ducts
    3. prostate
    4. urethra
      1. prostatic
  3. perinemu and pelvis
    1. ductus (vas) deferens
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2
Q

describe the contents of the testes

  1. location
  2. function
  3. structure
A
  1. location
    1. scrotum- perineum
  2. function
    1. sperm production
      1. produced in the seminiferous tubules
    2. stored
      1. in the body of the epididymis
    3. transported by the vas deferens
      1. a continuation of tail of theepididymic
  3. structures
    1. tunica albuginea
      1. tough outer surface of testes
    2. tunica vaginalis
      1. peritoneal sac
        1. visceral layer covering testes epididymis
        2. parietal layer adjacent to internal spermatic fascia
        3. cavity with small amount of liquid between parietal and visceral layers
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3
Q

tough outer surface of testes

A

tunica albuginea

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4
Q

where sperm are produced, stored, transported

A
  1. sperm
    1. made in the seminiferous tubules
    2. stored in the body of the epididymis
    3. transported by the vas deferens- conitnuation of epididymis
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5
Q

describe the embryonic descent of testes

  1. origination, what is carried
A
  1. testes descend from the posterior abdominal wall** through the **inguinal canal into the scrotum
  2. carry with them vessels, nerves, vas deferens found in the spermatic cord
  3. testes and spermatic cord acquire coverins from inguinal canal
  4. Processes vaginalis (peritoneum) close off to become the tunica vaginalis
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6
Q

how does the tunica vaginalis form?

A

processes vaginalis (peritoneum) closes off to become the tunica vaginalis

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7
Q

list the contents of the spermatic cord-9 total

A
  1. ductus deferens
  2. artery to ductus deferens
  3. testicular artery
  4. pampiniform plexus -> testicular vein
  5. lymphatic vessels
  6. autonomic nerves
  7. remnants of processus vaginalis
  8. cremasteric artery
  9. genital branch of genitofemoral nere
    1. ​motor component of cremaster reflex
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8
Q

motor component of cremaster reflex

A

genitofemoral nerve

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9
Q

list the three coverings of the spermatic cord, respectivly, and the origin of said layer

A
  1. internal spermatic fascia
    1. transversalis fascia
  2. cremaster muscles and fascia
    1. interal obliqu
  3. external spermatic fascia
    1. external oblique aponeurosis
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10
Q

describe the cremasteric reflex

A

stimulation to the GSA fibers of the femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve, stimulates the activation of GSE fibers of genital branch of genitofemoral nerve->contraction of cremaster muscle that pulls up the ipsilateral testes

  1. GSA fibers of femoral branch of gentiofemoral nerve and iliolinguinal nerve
  2. GSE fibers of genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  3. response is contraction of cremaster muscle
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11
Q

describe the following of the spermatic cord

  1. vessels
  2. lymphatic
  3. nerve
A
  1. vessels
    1. arterial
      1. testicular artery
      2. ductus deferens artery
    2. venous drainage
      1. testicular vein
        1. ​receives the blood from the pampiniform plexus of veins
  2. lymphatics
    1. lateral aortic nodes
      1. in abdominal cavity
      2. route for testicular cancer to spread to the abdomen
  3. nerve
    1. sympathetic
      1. GVE
        1. for sperm transport and vasoconstriction
      2. GVA
        1. afferent sensory fibers
      3. GSE
        1. genitofemoral nerve to cremaster muscles of cord
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12
Q

accumulation of serous fluid or blood with in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis

A

Hydrocele and hematocele of testis

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13
Q

What layer acculumates fluids in the following cases of hydrocele and hematocele

A

hydrocele and hematocele of testis

  1. accumulation of serous fluid or blood within cavity of tunica vaginalis
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14
Q

spermatoceoele

A

sperm-filled cyst near the head of the epididymis; is usually asymptomatc

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15
Q

sperm filled cyst near the head of the epididymis

A

spermatocelel- ususally asymptomatic

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16
Q

varicocoele-of the spermatic cord

A

elongation and dilation of the pampiniform plexus of veins (bag of worms)

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17
Q

elongation and dilation of the pampiniform plexus of veins. appears as bag of worms

A

varicocoele- of the spermatic cord

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18
Q

passes through the inguinal canal, enters the abdominal cavity and courses posterior to the urinary bladder.

forms a specific ampulla at the distal end

A

Vas Deferens

  1. passes through the inguinal canal, enters the abdominal cavity and courses posterior to the urinary bladder
  2. at distal end form the AMPULLA OF THE DUCTUS DEFERENS
  3. Transmits sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
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19
Q

describe the following for the Vas Deferens

  1. function
  2. location (route)
A

vas deferens

  1. function
    1. transmits sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
  2. route
    1. epididymis
    2. through inguinal canal
      1. enters abdominal cavity
    3. passes posterior to the urinary bladder
    4. form ampulla of the ductus deferens, towards the prostate
    5. deferent duct (ductus deferens) merges with the seminal vesicle to generate the ejaculaory duct as it connects to the urethra
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20
Q

describe th following for seminal vesicles

  1. function
  2. structure
A

seminal vesicles

  1. function
    1. secrete seminal fluid
      1. contributes a thick, alkaline fluid containing fructose
        1. frustose is essential to spermatozoa
    2. DOES NOT STORE SPERM
  2. structure
    1. 2 tortuous coiled tubes that merge with the ampulla of the Vas Deferens
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21
Q

contributes thick, alkaline fluid contining fructose

A

seminal vesicles

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22
Q

formed by the union of the seminal veicles and the ducuts deferens

describe the route and what it bifurcates.

A

ejaculatory ducts

  1. route
    1. transverses the posterior part of the prostate
      1. separating the prostate lobes
        1. MIDDLE LOBE(CENTRAL ZONE) and the POSTERIOR LOBE (PERIPHERAL ZONE)
    2. opens into the prostatic urethra
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23
Q

compare the two close but different funcitons

  1. generates alkaline fluid to neutralize the vagina acidity
  2. contributes a thick, alkaline fluid containing fructose
A
  1. prostate
    1. produces an alkaline fluid that is added to seminal fluid to neutralize vaginal acidity
    2. prostatic fluids empty into the prostatic urethra throug hindividual duct openings
  2. seminal vesicles
    1. tortuous, coild tube that contributes a thick, alkaline fluid containing fructose to the seminal fluid
    2. does not store sperm
24
Q

what structure contributes to fluids DIRECTLY into the prostatic urethra?

A

prostate- via the individual duct openings

25
Q

describe the following of the prostate

  1. vasculature
  2. lymphatics
A
  1. vasculature
    1. arteries
      1. internal iliac artery->inferior vesicle artery->prostate
    2. veins
      1. prostatic plexus of veins -> vesical plexus ->internal iliac vein or vertebral venous plexus
  2. lymphatic drainiage
    1. internal iliac nodes
26
Q

desceibe the following with regard to the prostate

  1. sympathetic
  2. parasympathetic
  3. afferent
A

prostatic plexus

  1. sympathetic fibers
    1. T11-L2
    2. rich innervation of internal genital organs
    3. semen transport (sperm and secretion)
  2. parasympathetic
    1. glands secretion
    2. gorm the cavernous nerves going to erectile tissues of penis in perineum
  3. GVA fibers- with reference to pain line
    1. above pain line
      1. travel with sympathetic fibers
        1. vas deferens
        2. upper par of seminal vesicles
    2. ​below pain line
      1. travel with parasympathetic fibers
        1. prostate
        2. lower part of seminal vesicles
    3. other visceral sensations travel with parasympathetic fibers
27
Q

a patient is experiencing noturia, urgency and dysuria. His doctor will suggest what exam. Explain the findings

A

regular prostate exam

  1. prostate is a frequent site of cancer in elderly males in the posterior lobe
    1. referred to clinically as the peripheral zone
  2. the protate isprone to enlargement in meddle ages and older males (benign prostatic hyperplasia -BHP
  3. reusulting in nocturia, urgency and dysuria
  4. typically the middle lobe referred to clincially as the central zone is involved
28
Q

what are the central zone and peripheral zones of the prostate clinically relavent for?

A
29
Q

damage to what nerves during prostatectomy can lead to what conditions?

A

radical surgery to cure prostate cancer involved removing prostate and seminal vesicles

  1. prostatic plexus and cavernous nerves
    1. parasympathetic
    2. innervate erectile tissues of penis
    3. damage = impotence
  2. vesical plexus
    1. sympathetic fibers
    2. innervates
      1. internal urethral sphinter
    3. damage = retrograde ejaculation (into bladder), leading to low emission and low volume ejaculate
30
Q

passes into tinguinal canal to labium majorum

A

round ligament of uterus

31
Q

broad ligament of the uterus is peritoneum divided into what structures and what do they surround?

A

broad ligament of the uterus

  1. mesosalpinc
    1. around and below the uterine tube
  2. mesovarium
    1. suspends the ovary
  3. mesometrium
    1. over and lateral to the body of the uterus
32
Q

the mesoalpinx ,mesovarium and mesometrium cover which structures? what is it known as?

A

known as the broad ligament of the uterus is peritoneum dived into

  1. mesosalpinx
    1. around and below the uterine tuve
  2. mesovarium
    1. suspend the ovary
  3. mesometrium
    1. over and lateral to the body of the uterus
33
Q

what are the structures of the uterus?

A

uterus

  • thick-walled, hollow muscular organ that consists of
    • body
      • with rounded fundus superiorly and containng the uterine cavity and ostia of uterine tubes
    • isthmus
      • the junction between the body and the cervix
    • cervix
      • cervical canal conects to internal and external ostia
34
Q

mostly a pelvic structure except for inferior most past in perineum

A

vagina

  1. is a distensible tuve that connects cervix of uterus to vestibule in perineum
  2. mostly a pelvic structure except for inferiormost part in perineuum
  3. cervix forms a continuous recess around the vagina, vaginal fornix
    1. anteior, posterior and lateral
35
Q

forms a continuous recess aroung the vagina? division?

A

vaginal fornix- ivided into anterior, posterior and lateral fornices

36
Q

how can the uterus be descried in relation to position?

A

position of uterus

  • anteflexed
    • between the acis of the uterine body and the axis of the cervix
  • anterverted
    • between the acis of the uuterin cervix and the axis of the vagina
  • retroverted
  • retroflexed
37
Q

results from weakening of walls of vagina, w/o open communication between vagina and pelvic organs. describe the 4 most seen conditions

A
  1. pelvic organ prlapsprolapsed uterus
  2. rectocele
  3. cystocele
  4. enterocele
38
Q

describe pelvic organ prolapse- two main causes, but are organ specific

A
  1. due to
    1. weaking of the
      1. walls of vagina
          1. suppoerting musculature ligament and fascia
        2. levator ani, ulterosacral transverse cervical ,and pubocervical ligament
    2. incidence increases with age and parity
    3. affect urinary, digestive and reproductive functions
39
Q

conduct the oocyte from the ovary to the uterine cavity? structure?

A

uterine tubes (fallopian rubes)

extend laterally from the uterus in the mesosalpinx and open to the peritoneal cavity - risk of peritonitis if infection of the genital tract

  1. structure
    1. funnel shaped infundibulum laterally, end with fimbriae and abdominal ostium
    2. ampulla
      1. the widest part
      2. usual site of fertilization
    3. isthmus
      1. narrow
    4. uterine part/intramural part
      1. pierces uterine wall
40
Q

widest part and most usual site for fertilization

A

amuplla of the fallopian tubes

41
Q

of the sites for ectopic prenancy, what is the most common site? causes?

A
  1. most develop in the uterine tube (fallopian tube)
  2. other locations
    1. abdominal cavity
      1. rectouterine pouch
      2. ovary

development of a fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity

common causes- prior infecttion, congenital abnormalites etc.

42
Q

is a gonad and endocrine gland suspended from the posterior lamina of the broad ligmaent. What else holds it in place

A

Ovary

  1. gonad and endocrine gland
  2. mesovarium
    1. suspended from the posterior lamina of the broad ligament by the mesovarium
      1. ovarian cancer can metastasize directly into peritoneal cavity.
  3. ligament of the ovary
    1. attaches the ovary to the uterus
  4. suspensory ligament of the ovary
    1. connets the ovary to the posterior abdominal wall
    2. contains the ovarian artery, vein, lymphatic and nerves
43
Q

Ovarian cancer can metastasize directly to….

A

ovarian cancer can metastasize directly into peritoneal cavity

44
Q

Describe the vascular of the overies, fallopian tubesn uterus and vagina

A

blood supply

  1. ovaries
    1. ovarian artery
      1. directly from the descending aorta
  2. fallopian tubes
    1. tubual branch of the ovarian artery
  3. uterus
    1. uterine
  4. vagina
    1. upper portion
      1. vaginal
    2. lower portion (in perineum)
      1. internal pudendal
45
Q

describe the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus and vagina

A
  1. ovaries
    1. drain to lateral aortic nodes
  2. uterus, ttubes and upper vagina
    1. drain to internal iliac nodes
  3. lower vagina
    1. drain to superficial inguinal nodes
46
Q

describe the nerve formation of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina

A

nerve supply contain: sympathetic, parasympathetic and GVA

  1. sympathetic
    1. T11-L2
  2. parasympathetic
    1. S2-S4
  3. GVA
    1. organs above pain line: ovaries, uterine tubes, body of uterus
      1. travel with sympathetic fibers to T11-L2
    2. organs below the pain line: cervix and upper vagina
      1. travel with parasympathetic fibers to S2-S4
      2. other visceral sensations with parasympathetic fibers
47
Q

what is a spinal block do and where?

A

spinal block via lumbar puncture

  1. L3-L4
    1. numbs from waist down
      1. sensory, visceral and somatic
    2. organs and regions
      1. perineum
      2. pelvic floor
      3. upper vagina
      4. uterine cervix
      5. body of uterus
48
Q

what does a caudal epidural block do and where?

A

caudal epidural block via sacral hiatus

  1. S2-S4
  2. sensory block, comatic and visceral
  3. organs
    1. perineum
    2. pelvic floor
    3. upper vagina
    4. uterine cervix
  4. epidural block via catherter into epidrual space L3-L4
49
Q

describe the pudendal nerve block and where

A

pudendal nerve block via local injection in tissues surrounding nerve

  1. sensory block, somatic
  2. organs
    1. perineum
      1. including lower vagina
  3. below the caudal if preffered, because this allows the mother stay involved and blocks pain below the pain line.
50
Q

blood vessels of pelvic viscera type of fibers-action-function

A
  1. vasocontriction-sympathetic -control of blood flow
  2. vasodilation-parasympathetic
51
Q

internal urethral sphincter fiber- action-function

A

internal urethral sphincter (male only)

  1. sympathetic-contraction-inhibit urination/retrograde ejaculation during intercourse
  2. parasympathetic - relaxation - urination
52
Q

describe the fibers, action and function to the epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate smoothe muscle

uterus

upper vagina

A
  1. epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate smooth muscles
    1. sympathetic - contraction -emission (semen transport
  2. uterus
    1. sympathetic-contraction-orgasm(sperm transport)
  3. upper vagina
    1. parasympathetic -relaxation-arousal
53
Q

describe the fiber-action-function of the seminal vesicle and prostate

A
  1. seminal vesicle, prostate
    1. parasympathetic - secretion - semen formation
54
Q

around a below the uterine tube

A

mesoalpinx

55
Q

suspends the ovary

A

\mesovarium

56
Q

over and lateral to the body of the uterus

A

mesometrium

57
Q

divides into anterior, posterio and lateral fornices

A

vaginal fornix

2020 MHS Anatomy unit 2 (6 decks)

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