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G2 Anatomy Exam 2 > Pelvis - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Pelvis - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Pelvic Outlet/Pelvic Diaphragm?

A

Bottom boundary of the Pelvic Cavity covered by the muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm

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2
Q

Where is the Perineum located?

A

Inferiorly/Superficially to the Pelvic Floor

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3
Q

What regions are the Perineum divided into?

A

Imaginary Line between the Ischial Tuberosities divides the Perinum into:

  1. Urogenital Triangle
  2. Anal Triangle
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4
Q

What are the borders of the Perineum?

A
  1. Pubic Symphysis (Anteriorly)
  2. Coccyx (Posteriorly)
  3. Ischial Tuberosities (Laterally)
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5
Q

What is the Urogenital Triangle?

A

Anterior triangle of the Perineum that contains the openings for the Urinary and Reproductive Systems

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6
Q

What is the Anal Triangle?

A

Posterior triangle of the Perineum that contains the opening for the GI system

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7
Q

In the Anatomical Position, what orientation is the Urogenital Triangle?

A

Urogenital Triangle is in the Horizontal Plane

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8
Q

In the Anatomical Position, what orientation is the Anal Triangle?

A

Anal Triangle is angled more posteriorly in an oblique plane

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9
Q

The Pelvic Diaphragm is curved but the the Perineal Membrane and ligaments run across in straight lines which forms…

A

Anterior and Posterior Ischio-Anal Fossae and Recesses

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10
Q

Which space is larger, Anterior Ischio-Anal Fossa or the Posterior Ischio-Anal Fossa?

A

Posterior Ischio-Anal Fossa

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11
Q

Ischio-Anal Fossae and Recesses are normally filled with what?

A

Fat, but infections can form here

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12
Q

What are the connective tissue structures of the Perineum?

A
  1. Perineal Body

2. Perineal Membrane

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13
Q

Where is the Perineal Membrane located?

A

In the Urogenital Triangle running between the Ischiopubic Rami

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14
Q

What does the Perineal Membrane do?

A

It is a thin sheet of thick connective tissue that separates the Deep Pouch and Superficial Pouch of the Urogenital Triangle

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15
Q

What anchors to the Perineal Membrane and what openings does it have

A

Perineal Membrane:

  1. Anchors Erectile Tissue
  2. Has opening for Urethra and Vagina
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16
Q

What is the Perineal Body?

A

Thickening of connective tissue between the Urogenital Triangle and the External Anal Sphincter that serves as an important attachment point for muscles in the pelvic floor and Perineum

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17
Q

What are the boundaries of the Anal Triangle?

A
  1. Imaginary line between the Ischial Tuberosities (Anterior)
  2. Sacrotuberous Ligaments (Lateral)
  3. Coccyx (Posterior)
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18
Q

What is the muscular content of the Anal Triangle?

A

External Anal Sphincter

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19
Q

What innervates the External Anal Sphincter?

A

Inferior Rectal Branch (comes from Pudendal Nerve)

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20
Q

What surrounds the External Anal Sphincter in the Anal Triangle?

A

Fat from the Ischio-Anal Fossa

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21
Q

What are the boundaries of the Urogenital Triangle?

A
  1. Pubic Symphysis (Anterior)
  2. Pubic Rami (Lateral)
  3. Imaginary Line between the Ischial Tuberosities (Posterior)
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22
Q

The Deep Pouch is located…

A

Between the Pelvic Diaphragm and Perineal Membrane

“Deep to the Perineal Membrane”

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23
Q

The Superficial Pouch is located…

A

Between the Pelvic Diaphragm and Superficial Fascia of the Perineum
“Superficial to the Perineal Membrane”

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24
Q

For the most part, Perineal Muscles are…

A

Skeletal Muscles

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25
Q

What structures are located in the Male Deep Pouch of the Urogenital Triangle?

A
  1. Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle
  2. External Urethral Sphincter (Muscle)
  3. Membranous Urethra
  4. Cowper’s Glands (Bulbo-urethral glands)
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26
Q

What is function of the Cowper’s Glands (Bulbo-urethral) and where are they located?

A

Lubricating glands of the MALE Urethra located in the Deep Pouch of the Urogenital Triangle

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27
Q

What structures are located in the Female Deep Pouch of the Urogenital Triangle?

A
  1. Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle
  2. External Urethral Sphincter (Muscle)
  3. Urethra
  4. Vagina
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28
Q

What structures are located in the Male Superficial Pouch of the Urogenital Triangle?

A
  1. Ischiocavernous and Bulbospongiosus Muscles (Erectile Muscle)
  2. Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
  3. Crura (Erectile Tissue)
  4. Bulb of the Penis (Erectile Tissue)
  5. Part of the Spongy Urethra
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29
Q

What structures are located in the Female Superficial Pouch of the Urogenital Triangle?

A
  1. Ischiocavernous and Bulbospongiosus Muscles (Erectile Muscle)
  2. Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
  3. Crura (Erectile Tissue)
  4. Bulb of the Clitoris (Erectile Tissue)
  5. Bartholin’s Glands (Greater Vestibular Glands)
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30
Q

What are Bartholin’s (Greater Vestibular) Glands?

A

Lubricating glands of the Vagina located in the Superficial Pouch of the Urogenital Triangle

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31
Q

What are the muscles located in the Deep Perineal Pouch and what nerve innervates them?

A
  1. External Urethral Sphincter (voluntary)
  2. Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle
    INNERVATED by Pudendal Nerve
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32
Q

What is the function of the Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle?

A

Sort of like a crossbeam that steadies the central tendon by serving as a place for some Perineal muscles to anchor

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33
Q

What is the function of the External Urethral Sphincter?

A

Allows voluntary inhibition of the Urethra via contraction and helps support pelvic organs

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34
Q

Erectile Tissue is composed of what types of tissue?

A
  1. Corpus Cavernosum

2. Corpus Spongiosum

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35
Q

What is the Crus of the penis?

A

Part of the Corpus Cavernosum that are attached to the Ischipubic Ramus and Perineal Membrane and continue on the Distal Shaft of the Penis

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36
Q

What is the Anatomical Position of the Penis?

A

Erect Penis
Top of Erection is Dorsal
Bottom of Erection is Ventral

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37
Q

What type of erectile tissue makes up the bulb of the Penis?

A

Corpus Spongiosum

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38
Q

What parts of the Penis make up the root and where do they attach?

A
  1. Crus- Corpus Cavernosum tissue attached to the Ischiopubic Ramus and Perineal Membrane
  2. Bulb- Corpus Spongiosum
    Attach to Perineal Membrane
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39
Q

What is the Glans of the Penis?

A

The head of the Penis composed of Corpus Spongiosum that has the Urethra running through it to the External Urethra Orifice

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40
Q

Describe the Ventral side of the Penis Shaft

A

Corpus Spongiosum surrounding surrounding the Urethra

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41
Q

Penis Shaft is composed of

A
  1. 2 Columns of Corpus Cavernosum on the Dorsal side

2. Corpus Spongiosum surrounding the Urethra on the Ventral side

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42
Q

What causes an erection?

A

Parasympathetic signals dilating vessels allowing the Corpus Cavernosum on Dorsal side of Penis to fill with blood

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43
Q

What is the Erectile tissue called in females?

A

Clitoris

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44
Q

What are the root attachments of the Clitoris?

A
  1. 2 Crus (legs)

2. 2 Bulbs of the Vestibule

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45
Q

What are the Crura (2 Crus) of the Clitoris composed of and where do they attach?

A
  1. Made of Corpus Cavernosum 2. Attach to Ischiopubic Ramus and Perineal Membrane
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46
Q

What are the 2 bulbs of the Clitoris composed of and where do they attach?

A
  1. Made of Corpus Spongiosum

2. Attach to the Perineal Membrane on either side of the Vaginal Opening

47
Q

What causes erectile tissue to grow in vitro making it larger in males than females?

A

Testosterone

48
Q

What parts make up the Clitoris?

A
  1. Glans (open to Perineum)
  2. Body
  3. Crus
  4. Bulbs
49
Q

Where are the Bartholin’s Glands located and what do they do?

A
  1. Located in the Superficial Pouch on the Posterior-Lateral Side of the Vaginal Opening
  2. Lubricate the Vagina
50
Q

What are the Muscles located in the Superficial Perineal Pouch?

A
  1. Ischiocavernous Muscle
  2. Bulbospongiosus Muscle
  3. Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
51
Q

Where is the Ischiocavernosus Muscle located and what is its function?

A
  1. Runs over Crus near Pubic Rami in the Superficial Pouch

2. Help direct blood into the Erectile Tissue

52
Q

Where is the Bulbospongiosus Muscle located?

A
  1. Two muscles from the Perineal Body that come together in Men to surround the bulb and surround the Vaginal Opening and Clitoris in women
  2. Anchored to Perineal Body
53
Q

What is the function of the Bulbospongiosus Muscle?

A
  1. Directs blood flow into erectile tissue during an erection
  2. Pulsatile Ejaculation in men
  3. Clear Urine from Urethra after urination
54
Q

Where is the Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle located and what is its function?

A
  1. Located on the posterior side of the Superficial Pouch

2. Supports Perineal Body and anchors to it

55
Q

What muscles anchor to the Perineal Body?

A
  1. Bulbospongiosus Muscle
  2. Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle
  3. External Anal Sphincter
56
Q

Facts about the Female Urethra

A
  1. Short
  2. Passes through Pelvic Floor Muscles
  3. Has internal and external Urethral Sphincters
  4. Urinary function only
57
Q

What are the parts of the Male Urethra?

A
  1. Pre-prostatic Urethra
  2. Prostatic Urethra
  3. Membranous Urethra
  4. Spongy Urethra
58
Q

What is the Pre-prostatic Urethra?

A
  1. First part of the Urethra that exits Bladder before entering Prostate
  2. Has Internal Urethral Sphincter
59
Q

What is the Prostatic Urethra?

A
  1. Part of Urethra that passes through the Prostate

2. Entrance of the Reproductive System via the Ejaculatory Duct

60
Q

What is the Membranous Urethra?

A
  1. Part of the Urethra that passes through the Deep Pouch

2. Surrounded by External Urethral Sphincter (Skeletal muscle voluntary control)

61
Q

What is the Spongy Urethra?

A
  1. Part of the Urethra that passes through the Superficial Pouch
  2. Travels through Corpus Spongiosum
  3. Expands at the tip
  4. Ends at the External Urethral Orifice
62
Q

What is the difference between Male and Female Urethras?

A

In Men:

  1. Longer
  2. Bends twice
  3. Passes through Corpus Spongiosum (Erectile Tissue)
63
Q

What is the Detrusor Muscle?

A

Layer of muscle in the Bladder Wall that is activated by Autonomic Nervous System

64
Q

How does the Parasympathetic Nervous System control Urination?

A
  1. Contracts Detrusor Muscle in walls of Bladder

2. Relaxes Internal Sphincter

65
Q

How does the Sympathetic Nervous System control Urination?

A
  1. Relaxes Detrusor Muscle in walls of Bladder

2. Contracts Internal Sphincter

66
Q

What is the Female External Genitalia called?

A

Vulva

67
Q

What is included in the Vulva?

A
  1. Mons Pubis
  2. Labia Majora
  3. Labia Minora
68
Q

What is the Mons Pubis

A

Fatty mound of tissue on the Anterior side of the Pelvis

69
Q

What is the Labia Majora?

A

Outer Labia

  1. Surrounds Labia Minora
  2. Meets anteriorly to form Mons Pubis
  3. Meets posteriorly to form Posterior Commissure
  4. Same tissue as Scrotum
70
Q

What is the Vestibule of the Vagina?

A

Area that contains the openings of the Vagina and Urethra

71
Q

Describe the positions of the Urethral and Vaginal openings in relation to each other

A

Urethral Opening is Anterior

to the Vaginal Opening in the Vestibule of the Vagina

72
Q

Where does the Labia Majora connect posteriorly?

A

Posterior Commissure which is over the Perineal Body

73
Q

What is the Labia Minora

A

Surrounds the Vestibule of the Vagina

74
Q

What is the only part of the Clitoris that can be seen?

A

Glans (Head) of the Clitoris

75
Q

What is the Prepuce?

A
  1. Hood or foreskin of the Clitoris

2. Foreskin of the Glans Penis

76
Q

Where does the Labia Minora connect anteriorly?

A

Anteriorly Labia Minora connects to form the Frenulum and Prepuce

77
Q

Where does the Labia Minora connect posteriorly?

A

Fourchette

78
Q

What is the Hymen?

A

Remnant tissue of embryological structure that can cover the Vaginal Opening

79
Q

What is the Raphe of the Scrotum?

A

The midline where the two pieces of the Scrotum came together and fused that spans from anus to the penis

80
Q

What are the parts of the External Male Genitalia (Penis)?

A
  1. Root
  2. Body
  3. Glans
  4. External Urethral Orifice
81
Q

What is unique about the Anterior Abdominal Wall below the Umbilicus?

A

Along with the Urogenital Triangle, Anterior Abdominal Wall below the Umbilicus is the only place in the body with TWO layers of Superficial Fascia

82
Q

What are the two layers of Superficial Fascia in the Anterior Abdominal Wall below the Umbilicus?

A
  1. Camper’s Fascia- Superficial fatty layer

2. Scarpa’s Fascia- Deeper membranous thicker layer

83
Q

What do you call the two layers of Superficial Fascia in the Urogenital Triangle?

A
  1. Camper’s Fascia- Superficial fatty layer

2. Colles’ Fascia- Deeper membranous thicker layer ONLY in the UG Triangle

84
Q

What is Dartos Fascia?

A

The Deep membranous thick layer of Superficial Fascia unique to the Penis and Scrotum

85
Q

In the Scrotum, Dartos Fascia is associated with smooth Dartos Muscle that…

A

Causes wrinkling of the Scrotum

86
Q

What are the names and locations of the Deep layer of Superficial Fascia in the Anterior portion of the Abdomen below the Umbilicus?

A
  1. Scarpa’s Fascia- Anterior Abdominal Wall below Umbilicus
  2. Colles’ Fascia- Urogenital Triangle
  3. Dartos Fascia- Penis and Scrotum
87
Q

What is the main source of Innervation in the Perineum?

A

Pudendal Nerve

88
Q

The Pudendal Nerve comes from…

A

Sacral Plexus (S2-S4) starting inside Pelvis

89
Q

Describe the path of the Pudendal Nerve

A
  1. Exits Pelvic Cavity through the Greater Sciatic Foramen
  2. Curves around Ischial Spine passing through Gluteal region
  3. Reenters Perineum through Lesser Sciatic Foramen
90
Q

What are the branches of the Pudendal Nerve?

A
  1. Inferior Rectal Nerve
  2. Perineal Nerve
  3. Dorsal Nerve of the Penis/Clitoris
91
Q

What does the Pudendal Nerve travel with?

A
  1. Internal Pudendal Artery (branches from Anterior Trunk)

2. Internal Pudendal Vein

92
Q

What is innervated by the Inferior Rectal Nerve?

A
  1. External Anal Sphincter (skeletal)
  2. Part of the Pelvic Diaphragm
  3. Anal Triangle
93
Q

What is innervated by the Perineal Nerve?

A

Muscles of the Deep and Superficial Pouches of the Urogenital Triangle (External Urethral Sphincter, Ischiocavernosus, Bulbospongiosus)

94
Q

What is innervated by the Dorsal Nerve?

A

Penis or Clitoris

95
Q

Pudendal Nerve is the major sensory nerve of the Perineum meaning?

A

It has sensory control for the skin over skeletal muscles that it innervates

96
Q

What is the Visceral Tissue in the Perineum?

A

Erectile Tissue

97
Q

What are the Cavernous Nerves?

A

Nerves that dilate the arteries in the Corpus Cavernosum and constrict the veins

98
Q

What effects does Sympathetic control have on Erectile Tissue?

A
  1. Ejaculation
  2. Contraction of the Ducts
  3. Secretion from Glands
99
Q

Where does blood supply to the Perineum come from?

A
  1. Internal Pudendal Artery (larger)

2. External Pudendal Artery

100
Q

Where does the Internal Pudendal Artery originate?

A

Branch of the Anterior Trunk of the Internal Iliac Artery

101
Q

What is the main artery of the Perineum?

A

Internal Pudendal Artery

102
Q

What branches come from the Internal Pudendal Artery?

A
  1. Inferior Rectal Artery
  2. Perineal Artery
  3. Deep Artery of the Penis/Clitoris
  4. Dorsal Artery of the Penis/Clitoris
103
Q

Where are the Deep Arteries located on the Penis?

A

Run through the center of the Corpus Cavernosum tissues on the Dorsal side of the Shaft

104
Q

Where are the Dorsal Arteries located on the Penis?

A

On the Dorsal Surface of the Shaft

105
Q

The dilation of which Blood Vessels in erectile tissue leads to an erection?

A

Deep Arteries

106
Q

What is the function of the External Pudendal Artery?

A

Provides blood to skin over Perineum:

  1. Anterior Scrotum
  2. Anterior Labia Majora
107
Q

Where does the External Pudendal Artery originate?

A

Common Iliac Artery > External Iliac Artery > Femoral Artery

108
Q

Superficial structures of the Perineum like skin drain lymph to the…

A

Superficial Inguinal Nodes

109
Q

Deep structures of the Perineum like erectile tissue drain lymph to the…

A

Deep Inguinal Nodes

110
Q

Organs inside the Pelvic Cavity drain lymph to the…

A

Internal or External Iliac Nodes

111
Q

The Gonads drain lymph to…

A

Aortic Nodes in the Abdomen

112
Q

What are the bones that you sit on?

A

Ischial Tuberosities

113
Q

During, Pregnancy how can the Pelvis can widen?

A

The Pelvis can widen Laterally due to the relaxation of the joints of the Pelvis

G2 Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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