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G2 Anatomy Exam 2 > Exam Review Cards > Flashcards

Exam Review Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Retroperitoneal Structures

A

“BAD PUCKERS”
B-Bladder

A - Aorta/IVC

D - Duodenum (Descending, Inferior, and most of Ascending)

P - Pancreas (Body, Head, Neck, Uncinate Process except the Tail)

U - Ureters

C - Colon (Ascending and Descending only)

K - Kidneys

E - Esophagus

R - Rectum (Inferior)

S - Suprarenal (adrenal) glands

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2
Q

What is the Inguinal Canal?

A

Passage through the Anterior Abdominal Wall that is created by the Processus Vaginalis (extension of Peritoneal Cavity created during gonadal descent) extending downward and medially

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3
Q

What is the Deep Inguinal Ring?

A
  1. Start of the Inguinal Canal
  2. Invagination of the Transversalis Fascia
  3. Midway between ASIS and Pubic Symphysis
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4
Q

What is the Superficial Inguinal Ring?

A
  1. End of the Inguinal Canal
  2. Made from the External Oblique Aponeurosis
  3. Triangular Opening
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5
Q

What structures pass through the Inguinal Canal in men? In women?

A

Men:
1. Spermatic Cord (Ductus Deferens, Arteries, Veins, Ilio-Inguinal Nerve, Lymphatics, etc.)

Women:

  1. Round Ligament (Connects Uterus to Labia Majora Connective tissue)
  2. Ilio-Inguinal Nerve
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6
Q

Name the layers of the Spermatic Cord (Superficial to Deep) and the abdominal wall muscles that they are extensions of if applicable

A
  1. External Spermatic Fascia (of the External Oblique Aponeurosis)
  2. Cremasteric Fascia (of the Internal Oblique muscle)
  3. Internal Spermatic Fascia (of the Transversalis Fascia)
  4. Parietal Layer of Tunica Vaginalis
  5. Cavity of Tunica Vaginalis
  6. Visceral Layer of Tunica Vaginalis
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7
Q

What nerve innervates the Anterior and Lateral muscles of the Abdominal Wall?

A

Ventral Rami of T7-T12 Spinal Nerves

ALSO L1 in the cases of the Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominus

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8
Q

Where is the Arcuate Line located and what does it signify?

A
  1. It is about midway between the Umbilicus and the Pubic Symphysis with roughly 3/4 of the Rectus Abdominus located above it and 1/4 located below it
  2. It signifies a change in the Rectus Sheath indicated below

ABOVE Arcuate Line:

  1. Anterior Side: External Oblique, Internal Oblique
  2. Posterior Side: Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominus

BELOW Arcuate Line:

  1. Anterior Side: External Oblique, Internal Oblique, and Transversus Abdominus
  2. Posterior Side: Transversalis Fascia
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9
Q

Someone is stabbed in the Lateral portion of the Abdomen below the Umbilicus, list the layers that are penetrated from Superficial to Deep:

A
  1. Skin
  2. Camper’s Fascia
  3. Scarpa’s Fascia
  4. External Oblique
  5. Internal Oblique
  6. Transversus Abdominus
  7. Transversalis Fascia
  8. Extraperitoneal Fascia
  9. Parietal Peritoneum
  10. Visceral Peritoneum
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10
Q

Superficial Blood supply to the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall:

A

“SMP I SEA CSI LATER”

  1. Superior- Musculophrenic Artery (from Internal Thoracic Artery)
  2. Inferior- Superficial Epigastric Artery (Medial from Femoral Artery) and Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery (Lateral from Femoral Artery)
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11
Q

Deep Blood supply to the Anterolateral Abdominal Wall:

A
  1. Superficial- Superior Epigastric Artery (off Internal Thoracic)
  2. Inferior- Inferior Epigastric Artery (Medial from External Iliac) and Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery (Lateral from External Iliac)
  3. Lateral- 10th and 11th Intercostal Arteries
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12
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of the Abdomen:

A

“SA ISI DP”

  1. Superficial to the Umbilicus drains Superficially to the AXILLARY NODES
  2. Inferior to the Umbilicus drains to Superficial Inguinal Nodes
  3. Deep drainage to Parasternal Nodes
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13
Q

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

A
  1. MOST COMMON (“Congenital”)
  2. More common in men than women
  3. Peritoneal Sac protrudes through the Deep Inguinal Ring entering the Inguinal Canal
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14
Q

Direct Inguinal Hernia

A
  1. Seen in mature men due to weakened abdominal muscles (“Acquired”)
  2. Protrusion of the Peritoneal Sac through the Inguinal Triangle
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15
Q

What are the borders of the Inguinal Triangle?

A
  1. Medial- Rectus Abdominus Muscle
  2. Lateral- Inferior Epigastric Artery
  3. Inferior- Inguinal Ligament
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16
Q

What is the Mesentery?

A

Folds of Peritoneum that suspend the “Preperitoneal” Abdominal Viscera (organs) in the Peritoneal Cavity

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17
Q

What is McBurney’s Point and where is it located?

A
  1. It is the site where pain is felt in patients experiencing Appendicitis once pain goes from referred, visceral pain called Colic to localized and focal somatic pain
  2. If you were to draw a line between the Umbilicus and ASIS, McBurney’s Point would be located at a point to demarcate the Lateral 1/3
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18
Q

What are the Right and Left Paracolic Gutters?

A
  1. Immediately Lateral to Ascending (Right) and Descending (Left) Colon
  2. Depression that provide a passageway for materials to pass behind the Peritoneum and go from one region to another within the abdomen
  3. Can provide a relatively blood-free mobilization of the
    Ascending and Descending Colon by cutting the Peritoneum along these lateral Paracolic gutters since vessels and lymphatics are medial and posteromedial
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19
Q

What Vertebrae does the Celiac Trunk coincide with?

A

Superior L1

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20
Q

What Vertebrae does the SMA coincide with?

A

Inferior L1

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21
Q

What is the Falciform Ligament?

A
  1. Derived from the Ventral Mesentery in the embryo
  2. Divides the Subphrenic Recess into Right and Left
  3. Attaches Liver to Anterior Abdominal Wall
22
Q

What are the Lobes of the Liver? If applicable, where can they be seen and what are they bound to?

A
  1. Right Lobe- largest
  2. Left Lobe- gives rise to Quadrate
  3. Quadrate Lobe- Anterior Portion of Visceral Surface
    - bound to Ligamentum Teres (Left) and Gallbladder (Right)
  4. Caudate Lobe- Posterior Part of Visceral Surface
    - bound to Ligamentum Venosum (left) and IVC groove (right)
23
Q

Where does the Abdominal Aorta bifurcate and what does it become?

A

REMEMBER the Aorta is slightly to the left:

  1. Bifurcates at the L4 Vertebra
  2. Becomes Right and Left Common Iliac Arteries
24
Q

What structures arise from the Foregut and how do they receive blood supply?

A

Starts at the Esophagus and ends at the Major Duodenal Papilla with LPGS:

  1. Esophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Superior and part of Descending Duodenum
  4. Liver
  5. Pancreas
  6. Gallbladder
  7. Spleen (kind of)

Blood Supply from Celiac Trunk

25
Q

What structures arise from the Midgut and how do they receive blood supply?

A

Starts at the Major Duodenal Papilla and ends at Distal 1/3 of Transverse Colon:

  1. Duodenum (Inferior to Major Duodenal Papilla)
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
  4. Cecum
  5. Ascending Colon
  6. Proximal 2/3 of Transverse

Blood Supply from SMA

26
Q

What structures arise from the Hindgut and how do they receive blood supply?

A

Starts at Distal 1/3 of Transverse Colon (just before Left Colic Flexure) and ends at Superior Rectum:

  1. Distal 1/3 of Transverse Colon
  2. Descending Colon
  3. Sigmoid Colon
  4. Superior Rectum

Blood Supply from IMA

27
Q

What is the Portal Vein?

A
  1. Final common pathway for the transport of venous blood from the Spleen, Pancreas, Gallbladder,
    and Abdominal GI Tract
  2. Fusion of Splenic Vein and Superior Mesenteric Vein at about L2 posterior to neck of Pancreas
28
Q

Where does the Inferior Mesenteric Vein drain?

A

Splenic Vein

29
Q

How is the Diaphragm anchored to the Lumbar Vertebrae?

A
  1. Right Crus- attaches to L1-L3 and the discs in between

2. Left Crus- attaches to L1-L2 and the disc in between

30
Q

What is the Median Arcuate Ligament?

A

A tendinous arch across the midline that connects the Right and Left Crura anteriorly to the Aorta

31
Q

What are the Medial Arcuate Ligaments?

A
  1. Tendinous arches that are lateral to the Crura and medial to the Lateral Arcuate Ligament that cover the upper part of the Psoas Major
  2. Attached medially to the sides of L1 and L2 and laterally to Transverse Process of L1
32
Q

What are the Lateral Arcuate Ligaments?

A
  1. Tendinous arches that are lateral to the Medial Arcuate Ligaments that cover the upper part of the Psoas Major
  2. Thickening of fascia that cover the Quadratus Lumborum
  3. Attached medially to the transverse process of L1 and laterally to Rib 12
33
Q

Where do the greater, lesser, and least (when present) Splanchnic Nerves pass through the diaphragm?

A

Either Right or Left Crus

34
Q

Nutcracker Syndrome:

A

If the SMA or Abdominal Aorta has an aneurysm, the Left Renal Vein can become compressed like a nutcracker
REMEMBER: Left Gonadal Vein (Your left nut) drains into the Left Renal Vein

35
Q

What are the 3 Constriction points of the Ureter and what is their significance?

A
  1. The Ureteropelvic Junction
  2. Point where the Ureters cross the Common
    Iliac Vessels at the Pelvic Brim
  3. Point where the Ureters enter the wall of the
    Bladder

Kidney Stones can be lodged here

36
Q

Where is Ureter pain supplied from?

A

T11 to L2 spinal cord level nerves

37
Q

What structures are at the L1 Vertebral level (Transpyloric Plane)?

A 
1. Beginning and upper limit of the end of the
duodenum
2. Hila of the kidneys
3. Neck of the pancreas
4. Origin of the SMA from the Aorta
38
Q

Where do the Left and Right Common Iliac Veins join and what do they form?

A
  1. At about L5

2. Form the IVC

39
Q

Using Abdominal Quadrants to locate Major Viscera:

A
  1. GURL- Upper Right has Gallbladder and Liver
  2. ULySSes- Upper Left has Stomach and Spleen
  3. CARL- Lower Right has Cecum and Appendix
  4. LL CDS- Lower Left has Descending and Sigmoid Colon
40
Q

Defining Surface Regions to which pain from the gut is referred:

A
  1. Epigastric Region- referred pain from the Foregut
  2. Umbilucal Region- referred pain from the Midgut
  3. Pubic Region- referred pain from the Hindgut
41
Q

How to locate the Kidneys using bony structures of the abdominal wall:

A
  1. Left Kidney- Rib 11 (Superiorly) to L3 (Inferiorly)
  2. Right Kidney- Rib 12 (Superiorly) to L4 (Inferiorly)
  3. Hila and Ureters begin about L1
42
Q

How to locate the Spleen using bony structures of the abdominal wall:

A

Spleen projects onto the left side and back from Ribs 9-11

43
Q

At what level does the IMA branch off of the Aorta?

A

L3

44
Q

Where do the Epigastric Arteries come from?

A
  1. Superior Epigastric- Internal Thoracic Artery
  2. Inferior Epigastric Artery- External Iliac Artery
  3. Superficial Epigastric Artery- Femoral Artery
  4. Deep Circumflex- External Iliac Artery
  5. Superficial Circumflex- Femoral Artery
45
Q

What is the Origin and Insertion of the Quadratus Lumborum?

A

Origin: L5 Transverse Process
Insertion: Rib 12 and L1-L4 Transverse Process

46
Q

What is the Origin and Insertion of the Iliacus?

A

Origin: Iliac Fossa
Insertion: Lesser Trochanter

47
Q

What is the Origin and Insertion of the Psoas Major?

A

Origin: Lateral surfaces and Intervertebral Discs of T12-L5, L1-L5 Transverse Processes
Insertion: Lesser Trochanter

48
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Innervation of the Abdomen?

A
  1. Vagus Nerve- Foregut and Midgut

2. Pelvic Splanchnic- Hundgut

49
Q

What is the Sympathetic Innervation of the Abdomen?

A
  1. Foregut-Thoracic Splanchnic Greater T5-T9/10
  2. Midgut- Lesser T9-T11
  3. Renal-Least
50
Q

What are the 3 locations of Anastomoses?

A

Can go to Portal or Systemic Circulation:

  1. Lower Esophageal (Esophageal Varices)
  2. Umbilicus (Caput Medusae)
  3. Rectum (Hemmorhoids)
51
Q

What is the orientation of the Portal Triad’s contents and what is it immediately anterior to?

A

Anterior to Posterior (BAV)

  1. Bile Duct
  2. Hepatic Artery Proper
  3. Hepatic Portal Vein

IMMEDIATELY ANTERIOR TO THE IVC

G2 Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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