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G2 Anatomy Exam 2 > Abdomen - Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Abdomen - Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Posterior to the Peritoneal Cavity

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2
Q

What are the most notable Retroperitoneal Viscera?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Adrenal Glands
  3. Aorta
  4. Inferior Vena Cava
  5. Lymphatic Channels
  6. Nerves
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3
Q

What bones are located in the Posterior Wall of the Abdomen?

A
  1. Floating Ribs (11 and 12)
  2. Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
  3. Sacrum (5 fused bones)
  4. Pelvic Bones (Iliac Fossa and Iliac Crests)
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4
Q

What are the Muscles of the Posterior Wall of the Abdomen?

A
  1. Diaphragm (inserts L1-L3)
  2. Psoas Major (hip flexor from Lumbar spine to femur)
  3. Psoas Minor (in 50% of people)
  4. Quadratus Lumborum
  5. Iliacus (hip flexor from Iliac Fossa to Femur)
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5
Q

What muscle do the kidneys sit on top of?

A

Quadratus Lumborum

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6
Q

What muscles make up the Iliopsoas?

A
  1. Iliacus
  2. Psoas Major
    * *3. Psoas Minor (if present)
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7
Q

Where does the Psoas Major Originate?

A
  1. Lateral Surfaces and Intervertebral Discs of T12-L5 Vertebrate
  2. Transverse Processes of L1-L5
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8
Q

Where does the Psoas Major Insert?

A

Lesser Trochanter of the Femur

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9
Q

Where nerves Innervate the Psoas Major?

A

Ventral Rami L1-L3

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10
Q

What action does the Psoas Major perform?

A
  1. Hip Flexion

2. Stabilizing Lumbar Vertebrate in relation to our posture

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11
Q

Which muscle in the abdominal cavity do only 50% of people have?

A

Psoas Minor

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12
Q

Where does the Psoas Minor originate?

A

Lateral Surfaces and Intervertebral Discs between of T12-L1

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13
Q

Where does the Psoas Minor insert?

A
  1. Pelvic Brim

2. Iliopubic Eminence

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14
Q

What nerves innervate the Psoas Minor?

A

Ventral Ramus of L1

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15
Q

What action does the Psoas Minor perform?

A

Weak Flexion of Lumbar Vertebral Column

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16
Q

Explain lower back pain from constantly sitting

A
  1. Sitting a lot means passive flexion
  2. Psoas muscle starts to shorten
  3. Shortened Psoas muscle means that it is weaker and pulls on its insertion in the Lumbar Vertebrae
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17
Q

Where does the Iliacus originate?

A

Mostly the Iliac Fossa, but also:

  1. Anterior Sacro-, Iliac, and Iliolumbar Ligaments
  2. Upper lateral surface of the Sacrum
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18
Q

Where does the Iliacus insert?

A

Lesser Trochanter of the Femur

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19
Q

What nerves innervate the Iliacus?

A

The Femoral Nerve (Ventral Rami L2-L4)

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20
Q

What action does the Iliacus perform?

A

Hip Flexion

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21
Q

What muscles make up the Hip Flexors?

A

Iliopsoas muscles:

  1. Psoas Major
  2. Iliacus
    * *3. Psoas Minor (if present)
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22
Q

Where does the Quadratus Lumborum originate?

A

It originates INFERIORLY:

  1. Transverse process of L5
  2. Iliolumbar Ligament
  3. Iliac Crest
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23
Q

Where does the Quadratus Lumborum insert?

A

It inserts SUPERIORLY:

  1. Transverse Processes of L1-L4
  2. Rib 12
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24
Q

What nerves innervate the Quadratus Lumborum?

A

Ventral Rami T12-L4

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25
Q

What actions do the Quadratus Lumborum perform?

A
  1. Creates Posterior Body Wall
  2. Depress and Stabilize Rib 12
  3. Lateral Flexion of Trunk
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26
Q

What Tendinous structures attach the diaphragm to the skeleton?

A
  1. Right Crus
  2. Left Crus
    3.
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27
Q

Where does the Right Crus attach?

A
  1. Diaphragm

2. L1-L3 Vertebral Bodies and Intervertebral Discs

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28
Q

Where does the Left Crus attach?

A
  1. Diaphragm

2. L1-L2 Vertebral Bodies and Intervertebral Discs

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29
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm at the Aortic Hiatus and where is it located?

A

“Aorta AV TDs by T12”

  1. Located at T12 Vertebrate
  2. Aorta
  3. Azygos Vein
  4. Thoracic Duct
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30
Q

What Tendinous structure does the Esophagus pass through in the diaphragm?

A

A “sleeve” of the Right Crus

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31
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm at the Esophageal Hiatus and where is it located?

A

“EVN 10”

  1. Located at T10
  2. Esophagus
  3. Vagus Nerve (Anterior and Posterior Vagal Trunks)
  4. Esophageal Branches of Left Gastric Artery and Vein along with some Lymphatic Vessels
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32
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm at the Caval Opening and where is it located?

A

“PNI8ed”

  1. Located at the Central Tendon (T8)
  2. Inferior Vena Cava
  3. Right Phrenic Nerve
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33
Q

Which diaphragmatic opening is the only one to pass through muscle instead of a tendinous opening and why?

A

Esophageal Hiatus is the only one to pass through muscle because the other opening have blood vessels that you NEVER want to collapse

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34
Q

What has lower pressure, arteries or veins?

A

Veins

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35
Q

Which diaphragmatic openings are not able to collapse and why?

A

Aortic Hiatus and the Caval opening because they are held open by connective tissue and not muscle

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36
Q

What is the Median Arcuate Ligament?

A

Connective tissue between the Right Crus and Left Crus that holds the diaphragm open around T12 for the Aorta to pass through

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37
Q

What is the Medial Arcuate Ligament?

A

Very small Bilateral arches of connective tissue lateral to the Right Crus and Left Crus that hold the diaphragm open for the Psoas Major to pass through

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38
Q

What is the Lateral Arcuate Ligament?

A

Large bilateral arches of connective tissue that attach the diaphragm to Rib 12

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39
Q

What Viscera (organs) of the Urinary System are located on the posterior body wall?

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
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40
Q

What is the function of the Kidneys?

A
  1. Filter Blood

2. Make Urine

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41
Q

What is the function of the Ureters?

A

Connection between Kidneys and Bladder to transport Urine

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42
Q

What is the function of the Bladder?

A

Storage of urine prior to excretion

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43
Q

What is the function of the Urethra?

A

Passageway of urine from bladder to outside that varies greatly between men and women

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44
Q

Where are the Kidneys located?

A
  1. Retroperitoneal
  2. Lateral to the vertebral column
  3. Extend from T12-L3 Vertebra
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45
Q

Which kidney sits lower and why?

A

Right Kidney because of the Liver

46
Q

Which kidney is longer and more slender?

A

Left Kidney

47
Q

What structures come in contact with the Right Kidney anteriorly?

A

Top-Down Order:

  1. Right Adrenal Gland
  2. Liver
  3. Descending part of Duodenum
  4. Transverse Colon (Right Colic Flexure)
  5. Small Intestine
48
Q

What structures come in contact with the Left Kidney anteriorly?

A

Top-Down Order:

  1. Left Adrenal Gland
  2. Stomach
  3. Pancreas
  4. Spleen
  5. Transverse Colon (Left Colic Flexure)
  6. Descending Colon
  7. Jejunum
49
Q

What structures come in contact with the Right Kidney posteriorly?

A
  1. Rib 12
  2. Diaphragm
  3. Psoas Major
  4. Quadratus Lumborum
  5. Transversus Abdominis
50
Q

What structures come in contact with the Left Kidney posteriorly?

A
  1. Rib 11
  2. Rib 12
  3. Diaphragm
  4. Psoas Major
  5. Quadratus Lumborum
  6. Transversus Abdominis
51
Q

What are the names of the Renal fat layers?

A
  1. Perinephric Fat

2. PerAnephric Fat

52
Q

Perinephric Fat

A
  1. Directly surrounds Kidneys and the Adrenal Glands

2. Surrounded by Renal Fascia

53
Q

What is the Renal Fascia?

A
  1. Extraperitoneal Fascia
  2. Superficial to the Perinephric Fat and the Aorta and IVC
  3. Deep to the Paranephric Fat
54
Q

Paranephric Fat

A
  1. Superficial to the Renal Fascia

2. Posterior and Posterolateral to the Kidneys and Adrenal Glands

55
Q

What is the outer region of the Kidney called?

A

Renal Cortex

56
Q

What is the inner region of the Kidney called?

A

Renal Medulla

57
Q

What extensions of the Renal Cortex stretch into the Renal Medulla?

A

Renal Columns

58
Q

Where is the Loop of Henle located?

A

Renal Pyramid

59
Q

Where are Collecting Ducts found?

A

Renal Pyramids

60
Q

What is the tip of the Renal Pyramids called?

A

Renal Papilla

61
Q

Where do the Collecting Ducts converge?

A

Renal Papilla

62
Q

Describe the pathway of Urine

A
  1. Renal Papilla
  2. Minor Calyx
  3. Major Calyx
  4. Renal Pelvis
  5. Ureter
  6. Bladder
63
Q

What is the Hilum of the Kidney?

A
  1. Entry point of Renal Artery
  2. Exit Point of Renal Vein
  3. Exit point of the Ureter
64
Q

Where do the Renal Arteries come from?

A

Branch off of the Abdominal Aorta just below the SMA

65
Q

Which Renal Artery is slightly higher?

A

Left Renal Artery because the Left Kidney sits higher

66
Q

Which Renal Vein is longer and why?

A

Left Renal Vein is longer because it passes under the SMA to drain into the IVC

67
Q

What is Nutcracker Syndrome?

A

If the Aorta or SMA has an aneurysm, the bulging causes blockage of the Right Renal Vein

68
Q

What innervates the Kidneys?

A

Renal Plexus

69
Q

What is responsible for Lymphatic Drainage of the Kidneys?

A

Lateral Aortic Nodes AKA Lumbar Nodes

-lymph nodes along the aorta

70
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands located?

A

Superior and Medial to the Kidneys

71
Q

What actions do the Adrenal Glands perform?

A

Make hormones such as Epinephrine, Cortisol, and Aldosterone

72
Q

What arteries provide blood to the Adrenal Glands?

A
  1. Superior Suprarenal Arteries
  2. Middle Suprarenal Arteries
  3. Inferior Suprarenal Arteries
73
Q

Where do the Superior Suprarenal Arteries come from?

A

They branch off of the Inferior Phrenic Arteries that come directly off of the Abdominal Aorta just above the Celiac Trunk

74
Q

Where do the Middle Suprarenal Arteries come from?

A

Directly from the Abdominal Aorta close to the SMA

75
Q

Where do the Inferior Suprarenal Arteries come from?

A

Branch off of the Renal Artery

76
Q

What are the Ureters?

A

Retroperitoneal Muscular tubes with collapsible lumen that transport urine from the Kidneys to the Bladder for storage

77
Q

What are the Constriction Points of the Ureter?

A
  1. Uretopelvic Junction (where Renal Pelvis narrows and becomes Ureter)
  2. Pelvic Brim (where it crosses the Common Iliac Arteries)
  3. Where Ureter enters Bladder (Posterior portion of the Bladder)
78
Q

What artery provides blood to the Upper End of the Ureter?

A

Renal Arteries

79
Q

What artery provides blood to the Middle of the Ureter?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Testicular/Ovarian Arteries
  3. Common Iliac Arteries
80
Q

What artery provides blood to the Pelvic End (Inferior Portion) of the Ureter?

A

Internal Iliac Arteries

81
Q

What nerves innervate the Ureters?

A

Compilation of Plexuses:

  1. Renal Plexus
  2. Aortic Plexus
  3. Superior Hypogastric Plexus
  4. Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
82
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

When empty: entirely in the Pelvis

When full: Pelvis and the Abdomen

83
Q

Base of the bladder is shaped like

A

An inverted triangle

84
Q

What is the Trigone?

A

A smooth triangular area of Smooth Muscle between the Ureter openings and the Internal Urethra Orifice

85
Q

What is the Urethra?

A

A pathway that begins at the base of the bladder and extends out of the perineum as a means to expel urine

86
Q

What are the sphincters of the Urethra?

A

Internal Urethral Sphincter (Pons controlled)

External Urethral Sphincter (Skeletal Muscle)

87
Q

How long is the female Urethra?

A

About 4 cm

88
Q

How long is the male urethra and what are the names of its parts?

A

About 20 cm long

  1. Pre-Prostatic (Bladder becoming Urethra)
  2. Prostatic (passes through Prostate)
  3. Membranous (Passes through the External Urethral Sphincter)
  4. Spongy (longest and passes through erectile tissue of the penis)
89
Q

What are the functions of the Male Urethra?

A
  1. Urinary (Expels Urine)

2. Reproductive (Expels Semen)

90
Q

What are the UNPAIRED branches of the Abdominal Aorta?

A
  1. Celiac Trunk (Foregut)
  2. Superior Mesenteric Artery (Midgut)
  3. Inferior Mesenteric Artery (Hindgut)
91
Q

What are the PAIRED branches of the Abdominal Aorta?

A
  1. Inferior Phrenic Artery (Diaphragm)
  2. Middle Suprarenal Artery (Adrenal Glands)
  3. Renal Artery (Kidneys)
  4. Gonadal Artery (Ovary/Testis)
  5. Lumbar Artery (Posterior Abdominal Wall)
  6. Median Sacral Artery (Sacrum and Coccyx)
  7. Common Iliac Artery (Lower Abdominal Wall, Pelvis, Lower Limb)
92
Q

Where does the Middle Sacral Artery supply blood to?

A
  1. Sacrum

2. Coccyx

93
Q

Where does the Common Iliac Artery supply blood to?

A
  1. Lower Abdominal Wall
  2. Pelvis region
  3. Lower limbs
94
Q

Name the branches that come off of the Abdominal Aorta from Superior to Inferior

A
  1. Inferior Phrenic Arteries
  2. Celiac Trunk
  3. Middle Suprarenal Arteries
  4. Superior Mesenteric Artery
  5. Renal Arteries
  6. Gonadal Arteries
  7. Lumbar Arteries
  8. Inferior Mesenteric Artery
  9. Median Sacral Artery
  10. Common Iliac Artery
95
Q

What arteries come together to form the Median Sacral Artery?

A

Lumbar Arteries

96
Q

Common Iliac Arteries branch into

A
  1. Internal Iliac (provides Pelvis and Posterior Abdominal Wall)
  2. External Iliac (becomes Femoral Artery and provides lower limb with blood)
97
Q

What Abdominal Veins drain DIRECTLY into the IVC?

A
  1. Common Iliac Veins
  2. Lumbar Veins (drains 3rd and 4th Lumbar Vertebra)
  3. Iliolumbar Vein (drains 5th Lumbar Vertebrate)
  4. Ascending Lumbar Veins (drain 1st and 2nd Lumbar Vertebra)
  5. Right Gonadal Vein
  6. Renal Veins (also drains Left Gonadal and Left Suprarenal Veins so they don’t have to pass over the Aorta)
  7. Right Suprarenal Veins
  8. Inferior Phrenic Veins
  9. Hepatic Veins
98
Q

Why don’t the Left Gonadal Vein and the Left Suprarenal Veins drain directly into the IVC?

A

On the left side, the Left Gonadal Vein and the Left Suprarenal Vein would have to pass over the Aorta, so to avoid this pressure difference they empty into the Left Renal Vein

99
Q

What is the Lymphatic Drainage of the Posterior Abdominal Wall?

A

Both below drain into the Thoracic Duct

  1. Pre-Aortic Nodes
  2. Right and Left Lateral Aortic/Lumbar Nodes (along the Common Iliac Arteries)
100
Q

Does a Plexus carry Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Fibers?

101
Q

Name the Abdominal Prevertebral Plexuses

A
  1. Celiac Plexus
  2. Aortic Plexus
  3. Superior Hypogastric Plexus
102
Q

What kind of fibers are in the Abdominal Prevertebral Plexuses?

A
  1. Sympathetic Pre-Ganglionic Fibers (Efferent)
  2. Parasympathetic Pre-Ganglionic Fibers (Efferent)
  3. Visceral Afferent Fibers ( Organ Sensory)
103
Q

Name the Abdominal Prevertebral Ganglia

A
  1. Celiac Ganglion
  2. Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
  3. Aorticorenal Ganglion
  4. Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
    * *Also the Lumbar Splanchnics and Sympathetic Trunk run here**
104
Q

What controls Parasympathetics in the Abdomen?

A
  1. Vagus Nerve

2. Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves

105
Q

What controls Sympathetics in the Abdomen

A
  1. Thoracic Splanchnics (Greater, Lesser, Least)
  2. Lumbar Splanchnic
  3. Sacral Splanchnics
106
Q

Muscular (Somatic) Control in the Abdomen is mainly controlled by

A

Lumbar Plexus

107
Q

What are the major terminal nerve branches of the Lumbar Plexus?

A
  1. Genitofemoral Nerve (Anterior)
  2. Obturator Nerve (Medial thigh)
  3. Iliohypogastric Nerve (Transversus Abdominus and Internal Oblique)
  4. Ilioinguinal Nerve (Transversus Abdominus and Internal Oblique)
  5. Femoral Nerve (Iliacus and Anterior Thigh)
108
Q

Origin and Insertion of the Iliohypogastric Nerve

A

Origin: Ventral Ramus L1
Insertion: Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominus

109
Q

Origin and Insertion of the Ilioinguinal Nerve

A

Origin: Ventral Ramus L1
Insertion: Internal Oblique and Transversus Abdominus

110
Q

Origin and Insertion of the Genitofemoral Nerve

A 
Origin: Ventral Ramus L1 and L2
Insertion: 
1. Creamaster Muscle (Men)
2. Labia Majora (Women)
3. Femur
111
Q

Origin and Insertion of the Obturator Nerve

A

Origin: Ventral Ramus L2-L4
Insertion: Obturator Externus, Pectineus, and Medial Thigh Muscles

112
Q

Origin and Insertion of the

A

Origin: Ventral Ramus L2-L4
Insertion: Iliacus, Pectineus, Anterior Thigh Muscles

G2 Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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