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GRACE Phase 2a Medicine > Peer Teaching Exam Questions > Flashcards

Peer Teaching Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of inflammation?

A

A local physiological response to injury

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2
Q

4 processes that can happen at the end of acute inflammation? (PROS)

A
  1. Progession to chronic inflammation
  2. Resolution
  3. Organisation
  4. Supparation
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3
Q

Most common type of chronic inflammation?

A

Primary chronic inflammation

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4
Q

Other types of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Transplant rejection
  2. Progession from acute
  3. Recurrent episodes of acute
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5
Q

Define a granuloma?

A

an aggregate of epithelioid histiocytes

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6
Q

You suspect a patient has Sarcoidosis, which blood marker do you investigate?

A

ACE - released by granulomas

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7
Q

3 components of Virchow’s triangle?

A
  1. Stasis of blood flow
  2. Endothelial injury
  3. Hypercoagulability
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8
Q

Classes of drug used to treat arterial thrombosis?

A

anti-platelets e.g. aspirin, clopidogrel

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9
Q

Classes of drug used to treat venous thrombosis?

A

anti-coagulants e.g. warfarin, heparin, NOAC

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10
Q

Name of a benign neoplasm of the secretory epithelium?

A

Adenoma

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11
Q

Name of a benign neoplasm of connective tissue?

A

Sarcoma

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12
Q

Most common cancers that spread to bone? (BLT KP)

A

Breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, prostate

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13
Q

Sequence of events for a metastasis to occur? (Isaac Is Easygoing And Extremely Annoying)

A

Invasion - erosion of tissue boundaries by enzymes secreted
Intravasion - gain access to metastatic routes e.g. blood, lymph
Evasion of host defence
Adherence - to endothelium
Extravasation - colonisation of new site
Angiogenesis - develops own blood supply

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14
Q

4 drug targets? (TIER)

A
  1. Transporters
  2. Ion channels
  3. Enzymes
  4. Receptors
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15
Q

Difference between tolerance and desensitisation?

A

Tolerance - reduction in drug effect over time

Desensitisation - receptors become degraded

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16
Q

What class of drug is Candesartan?

A

Angiotensin II receptor blocker

17
Q

Which common condition often diagnosed in childhood is a contraindication of beta-blockers? why?

A

asthma - beta-blockers cause bronchoconstriction

18
Q

What do NSAIDs inhibit? What is the result?

A

COX-1 enzyme

Prevents conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2

19
Q

In the average 70kg male there is how much water in L?

A

42

20
Q

In the average 70kg male there is how much water is in the ICF in L?

A

28

21
Q

In the average 70kg male there is how much water is in the ECF in L?

A

14

22
Q

In the average 70kg male there is how much water is in the interstitial fluid of the ECF in L?

A

11

23
Q

In the average 70kg male there is how much water is in the plasma of the ECF in L?

A

3

24
Q

4 stages of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

25
Q

Definition of bioavailability?

A

amount of drug taken up into systemic circulation as a proportion of the amount administered

26
Q

5 classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

27
Q

3 examples of antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

28
Q

Describe how you would identify a bacteria as Salmonella using microbiology tests, incl. differentiating it from Shigella?

A
  • Salmonella is a gram-negative bacilli, gram stain = pink
  • Bacilli appearance = rod shaped
  • MacConkey agar tests for fermentation, Salmonella does not therefore plate remains clear (fermenters go pink)
  • Do serotyping (API strip) to confirm Salmonella vs Shigella
29
Q

HIV can be diagnosed by measuring the level of which specific WBC?

A

CD4+

30
Q

Below what level of CD4+ count does it indicate HIV?

A

200

31
Q

Name the different types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (BEN)

A

Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil

32
Q

Most abundant type of polymorphonuclear leukocyte

A

Neutrophil

33
Q

Role of the MHC?

A

Present the processed antigen on the cell-surface

34
Q

Stages of phagocytosis?

A
  • Binding (e.g. bacterium to macrophage)
  • Engulfment
  • Phagosome formation
  • Lysosomal fusion and digestion
  • Antigen presentation (MHC II)
  • Secretion of waste products

GRACE Phase 2a Medicine (20 decks)

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