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GRACE Phase 2a Medicine > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Study of hormones and their gland of origin, their receptors, intracellular signalling pathways and their associated diseases

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2
Q

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the?

A

Blood

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3
Q

Define endocrine

A

glands that pour secretions directly into the bloodstream without ducts

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4
Q

Define exocrine

A

glands that pour secretions through a duct to a site of action

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5
Q

Paracrine hormone action

A

acting on nearby adjacent cells

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6
Q

Autocrine hormone action

A

feedback on the same cell that secreted hormone - acts on itself

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7
Q

Features of water soluble hormones?

A

unbound when transported, bind to surface receptor on cells, short half-life, e.g. peptides

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8
Q

Features of fat soluble hormones?

A

transported bound to a protein, diffuse into cells, long half-life, e.g. thyroid hormone

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9
Q

5 classes of hormone?

A

peptides, amines, iodothyronines, cholesterol derivatives and steroids

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10
Q

Peptide hormones

A

stored in secretory granules, hydrophilic and water soluble, released in pulses/ bursts e.g. insulin

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11
Q

Amine hormone examples

A

dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline

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12
Q

synthesis flowchart of adrenaline

A

phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline

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13
Q

Enzyme that breaks down noradrenaline into normetanephrine and adrenaline into metanephrine?

A

COMT (catechol-o-methyl transferase)

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14
Q

What are metanephrines?

A

Breakdown products of catecholamines

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15
Q

Normetanephrine and metanephrine can be measured in serum - what are their levels indicative of?

A

noradrenaline/ adrenaline activity

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16
Q

Iodothyronine hormones bind to what protein in transport?

A

thyroid binding globulin (TBG)

17
Q

T3

A

Triiodothryonine - more active, less prevalent

18
Q

T4

A

thyroxine - less active, more produced

19
Q

TSH

A

stimulates the movement of colloid into the secretory cell, T4 and T3 are cleaved from thyroglobulin

20
Q

Cholesterol derivative and steroid hormones

A

e.g. vitamin D, adrenocortical and gonadal steroids

21
Q

Steroid hormone receptor location

A

cytoplasm

22
Q

Thyroid hormone receptor location

A

nucleus

23
Q

Hormone secretion patterns

A
  • Continuous release e.g. prolactin
  • Pulsatile e.g. insulin
  • Circadian rhythm e.g. ACTH, GH, TSH
24
Q

Synergism

A

Combined effects of two hormones amplified (e.g. glucagon with adrenaline)

25
Q

Antagonism

A

One hormone opposes the other hormone e.g. glucagon

26
Q

Appetite

A

Desire to eat food

27
Q

Satiety

A

Feeling of fullness

28
Q

BMI

A 
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
<18.5 - underweight
18.5 - 24.9 - normal
25.0 - 29.9 - overweight
30.0 - 39.9 - obese
> 40.0 - morbidly obese
29
Q

Risks of obesity

A

type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnoea, carcinoma

30
Q

Region of brain which plays a central role in appetite regulation?

A

hypothalamus

31
Q

Leptin (comes from the Greek meaning thin)

A

Hormone made predominantly by adipocytes (white fat) and enterocytes in the small intestine that helps regulate energy balance by INHIBITING hunger (i.e. diminishing fat stores in adipocytes)

32
Q

Peptide YY

A
  • 36 amino acids
  • structurally similar to NPY, binds to NPY receptors
  • secreted by neuroendocrine cells in the ileum, pancreas and colon in response to food
  • Inhibits gastric motility (‘brake’)
  • reduces appetite
33
Q

Main function of peptide YY

A

reduce appetite - limit food intake

34
Q

NPY - neuropeptide Y

A

peptide in the brain which stimulates food intake

35
Q

CCK - cholecystokinin

A
  • delays gastric emptying
  • stimulates gall bladder contraction and sphincter of Oddi relaxation
  • insulin release
  • satiety via the vagus
36
Q

Hormone expressed in the stomach which stimulates hunger?

A

ghrelin

GRACE Phase 2a Medicine (20 decks)

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