Peer Relationships Flashcards
ROLE OF PLAY
NON SOCIAL
- unoccupied/onlooker/solitary
SOCIAL
- parallel/associative/cooperative
ASSOCIATIONS
- motor skills
- empathy
- cognitive skills
- emotional regulation
- positive emotions
SOCIOMETRIC STATI
BUKOWSKI ET AL (2012)
- POPULAR
- REJECTED
- NEGLECTED
- AVERAGE
- CONTROVERSIAL
SOCIOMETRIC STATI: POPULAR
BUKOWSKI ET AL (2012)
- highly liked/accepted/impactful peer rating
SOCIOMETRIC STATI: REJECTED
BUKOWSKI ET AL (2012)
- low acceptance/preference
- high rejection AND impact
SOCIOMETRIC STATI: NEGLECTED
BUKOWSKI ET AL (2012)
- low social impact ratings (if any at all)
- go unnoticed
- not especially liked/disliked
SOCIOMETRIC STATI: AVERAGE
- moderate ratings on both impact/preference
SOCIOMETRIC STATI: CONTROVERSIAL
- high impact BUT average performance
- noticed and liked/disliked by quite a lot on each spectrum
SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS
- +85% adolescents have a sibling
- kids tend to spend more time w/siblings > parents
- siblings act as:
1. confidants
2. caregivers
3. teachers/support source - sibling relationships AND small conflicts = associated w/better development
SIBLINGS: THEORIES
BOWLBY: ATTACHMENT THEORY
ADLER: INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
SIBLINGS: ATTACHMENT
- siblings = attachment figures
- secure attachment -> positive sibling relations
SIBLINGS: INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
- kids try to overcome inferiority feelings
- aim to differentiate themselves from siblings
- parental favouritism (ie. difs in closeness/confiding/emotional support provision) can -> dif sibling relationships
ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
- positive adolescent romantic relations associations:
1. peer group status
2. companionship
3. intimacy/support
3. social competence
4. autonomy sense - partner selection based on:
1. honest/kindness
2. IQ
3. attractiveness
ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS: CHARACTERISTICS
- involvement (ie. dating frequency/consistency)
- partner identity (ie. characteristics of the partner)
- content (ie. what partners do together)
- relationship quality (ie. supportive VS negative experiences)
- cognitive/emotional processes (ie. perceptions/attributions of self/partner/emotions/moods)
- adolescent romantic relations = oft unreciprocated
- positive association between romantic problems/depressive symptoms
PEER SIMILARITY
- friendships characterised by:
1. intimacy
2. reciprocity - friends have similarities:
1. prosocial behaviours/sociability
2. interests/behaviours
3. maturity in play interactions
4. academic motivation
5. emotions/attributions
6. proximity
CHANGES IN FRIENDSHIP COMPLEXITY
GUMMERUM ET AL (2008)
- age 9+ across 4 dif countries
- complexity of children’s friendship descriptions increased at same rate
- all nearly equal in high complexity ratings by 15Y
FREINDSHIP: PRESCHOOL
- at least one good friend
- spend a lot of time in pretend play
- no dif in conflict/hostility between kids who are/aren’t friends
FRIENDSHIP: CHILDHOOD
- friendship evaluated on basis of:
1. validation/caring
2. help/guidance
3. companionship/recreation
4. intimate exchange
5. conflict resolution
6. betrayal
FRIENDSHIP: ADOLESCENCE
- friendship evaluated on basis of:
1. self-exploration
2. intimacy
3. giving/receiving feedback
4. sharing personal issues - oft unstable here
FRIENDSHIP: ADOLESCENT MEETING
HIGHEST-LOWEST PERCENTAGE WISE
- school
- someone’s house
- online
- extracurricular
- neighbourhood
- stores
- religious setting
- job
FRIENDSHIP: STAYING IN TOUCH IN ADOLESCENCE
HIGHEST-LOWEST PERCENTAGE WISE
- text messaging
- phone calls
- social-networking site
- video-sharing site
- blogging site
- game site/server
- discussion site
FRIENDSHIP: POSITIVE EFFECTS
- kids w/friends:
1. better understanding of emotions
2. learn about appropriate norms
3. discuss ideas
4. feel less lonely/depressed/anxious
5. cope better w/negative experiences
6. face life transitions ^ constructively
FRIENDSHIP: NEGATIVE EFFECTS
- kids w/aggressive friends ^ likely to:
1. be aggressive themselves
2. get involved in deviancy training - kids w/friends w/alcohol/substance abuse issues ^ likely to have those issues themselves
- kids/adolescents w/depressed friends = ^ likely to co-ruminate
FRIENDSHIP: TECHNOLOGY
- electronic communication = positive effect on friendships:
1. anonymity
2. less focus on appearance
3. ^ control over interactions
4. peer selection w/similar characteristics
5. greater availability/success
6. more fun
FRIENDSHIP: TECHNOLOGY THEORIES
- 2 contrasting theories explaining tech effects on social outcomes:
1. RICH-GET-RICHER - internet = positive impact on adolescents w/good social skills
2. SOCIAL-COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS - internet = positive impact on socially anxious/lonely adolescents
