Adolescent Depression Flashcards
DSM-5 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
- depressed/irritable mood nearly every day indicated by subjective report (feels sad/empty)/observation (appears tearful)
- decreased interest/pleasure in most activities
- significant weight change (5%)/diet change
- sleep change: insomnia/hypersomnia
- activity change: psychomotor agitation/retardation
- fatigue/energy loss
- excessive/inappropriate guilt/worthlessness
- indecisiveness: diminished thinking/concentration
- suicidality: thoughts of death/suicide/plan
PRESCHOOL-ONSET DEPRESSION
- predicts major depressive disorder in later childhood:
LUBY ET AL. (2014) - preschool-onset depression + preschool-onset conduct disorder + non-supportive parenting = school-age depression
CO-MORBIDITY
KERIG ET AL. (2012)
SEPERATION ANXIETY
- excessive anxiety about separation from caregivers/home
OCD
- intrusive/repetitive thought/obsessions/compulsions (ie. checking/washing/touching)
SOCIAL PHOBIAS
- social situation avoidance
ADHD
- inattention/hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms
DISTRIBUTION
- most prevalent ages 13-18
- spikes at 11Y = more common in girls > boys
ADOLESCENCE INCREASE
PUBERTY
- changes in hormones/brain maturation
COGNITION CHANGES
- generalisations about themselves
INTERPERSONAL STRESSORS
- peer relationship
FEMALE PREFERENCE
- girls are more likely to:
1. experience stressors/sadness/distress/anxiety
2. be more affected by stressors (ie. family issues)
3. co-ruminate w/friends (ie. why me?)
4. experience pressure from older boys (ie. sexual activity/drinking)
5. be dissatisfied w/body image
GENETIC FACTORS
SULLIVAN ET AL. (2000)
- depression = heritable
- twin studies provide further evidence
- genes explain 40% of variance
- ^ likelihood associated w/:
1. gene variants in 5-HTTLPR + early childhood adversities
2. 5-HTTLPT + chronic peer stress + age interaction
3. SS 5-HTTLPR + high environmental risk
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
DAVEY (2008)
- serotonin = brain transmitter involved in several processes (ie. mood/sleep/appetite); low levels = depression association
- norepinephrine = neurotransmitter hormone; responsible for preparing mind/body for action; depression/mania association
KEY BRAIN REGIONS
DAVIDSON ET AL. (2002)
- orbital prefrontal cortex
- ventromedial prefrontal cortex
- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- anterior cingulate cortex
PERSONALITY
KERIG ET AL. (2012)
- neuroticism = risk factor for kid/adolescent depression
BECK’S COGNITIVE TRIAD
- cognitive vulnerability
- depressed people tend to have negative thoughts regarding:
1. THE SELF (ie. I’m worthless)
2. THE WORLD (ie. The world isn’t fair)
3. THE FUTURE (ie. There is no hope)
ATTRIBUTIONS
LUYTEN ET AL. (2007)
- depressed people = ^ likely to attribute negative events to factors that are:
1. INTERNAL (ie. It’s because of me)
2. STABLE (ie. I will always fail)
3. GLOBAL (ie. My whole life is a failure)
RUMINATION & SELF-CRITICISM
HANKIN ET AL. (2007)
- depressed kids/adolescents = ^ likely to ruminate (ie. why me?)/be self critical (ie. feeling guilty/worthless when they fail to meet goals)
INTERPERSONAL VULNERABILITIES
DINGER ET AL. (2015)
- depressed individuals = ^ likely to:
1. show reassurance seeking (ask for constant reassurance that they’re loveable)
2. show interpersonal dependency (excessive desire to be in contact w/significant others)
3. less dissatisfied w/social support
4. insecurely attached (avoidant/resistant/disorganised)
THE FAMILY CONTEXT: RISK
GOODMAN (2007)
- depressed mother (incl. timing/course)
- father’s availability/mental health
- child’s:
1. temperament
2. gender
3. intellectual/social-cognitive skills
