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Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

HARLOW (1958)

A
  • monkeys preferred soft mother even though she had no feeding bottle
  • emotional needs = crucial for primate survival
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2
Q

BOWLBY (1953)

A
  • infants have innate primary drive to form attachments
  • this is biologically programmed
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3
Q

AINSWORTH (1978)

A
  • systematically mother-child interactions in Uganda
  • developed Strange Situation Procedure to assess attachment between caregiver/child
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4
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 1

A
  • introduce caregiver/infant to unfamiliar room
  • show toys to baby
  • beh assessed = none
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5
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 2

A
  • caregiver/child no longer alone
  • caregiver doesn’t initiate interactions but responds to infant as appropriate
    BEH ASSESSED
  • exploration
  • caregiver = secure base
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6
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 3

A
  • stranger seated quietly for 1m; talks to caregiver 1m; tries to interact w/infant 1m
    BEH ASSESSED
  • stranger reaction
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7
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 4

A
  • caregiver leaves child alone w/stranger
  • stranger lets infant play but offers comfort if needed
  • shortened if infant = too distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • separation distress
  • stranger’s comforting reaction
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8
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 5

A
  • caregiver calls to infant outside door; enters room pausing by door; stranger leaves
  • caregiver lets infant play; offers comfort if distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • reunion reaction
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9
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 6

A
  • caregiver leaves infant alone
  • segment ended if too distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • separation distress
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10
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 7

A
  • stranger enters room; greets infant; comforts if upset
  • segment ended if too distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • ability to be soothed by stranger
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11
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 8

A
  • caregiver calls from outside door; enters/greets infant; sits back down; comfort if distressed
  • allows to return to play
    BEH ASSESSED
  • reunion reaction
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12
Q

KEY INFANT BEHAVIOUR IN ATTACHMENT CLASSIFICATION

A

PROXIMITY SEEKING
CONTACT MAINTENANCE
RESISTANCE
AVOIDANCE
REUNION BEHVIOUR

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13
Q

AINSWORTH: ATTACHMENT TYPES

A

SECURE
INSECURE-AVOIDANCE
INSECURE-RESISTANT-AMBIVALENT
DISORGANISED (added later)

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14
Q

AISWORTH: SECURE ATTACHMENT

A
  • interact w/unfamiliar adult
  • separate from caregiver
  • seek caregiver proximity
  • greet caregiver w/positive affect
  • able to return to play
  • 56%-80%
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15
Q

AINSWORTH: INSECURE-AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT

A
  • avoid proximity/eye contact upon reunion
  • explore room alone
  • show little/no pref between caregiver/stranger
  • ignore parents
  • 16-28%
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16
Q

AINSWORTH: RESISTANT-AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT

A
  • preoccupied w/caregiver
  • highly distressed by separation
  • resist attempts at closeness upon reunion
  • not easily soothed
  • 6-12%
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17
Q

AINSWORTH: DISORGANISED ATTACHMENT

A
  • behave inconsistently/oddly
  • wander around/fearful of caregiver
  • approach caregiver backwards/freeze
  • no consistent pattern for caregiver interaction
  • ^ proportion = maltreating families
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18
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT TYPES

A

SLATER & BREMNER (2011)
- AUTONOMOUS (SECURE)
- DISMISSING (AVOIDANT)
- PREOCCUPIED (RESISTANT)
- UNRESOLVED (DISORGANISED)

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19
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: AUTONOMOUS

A
  • secure attachment result
  • value close relationships
  • talk about childhood in coherent manner
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20
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: DISMISSING

A
  • avoidant attachment result
  • devalue attachment experiences
  • have idealised attachment representations
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21
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: PREOCCUPIED

A
  • resistant attachment result
  • stuck on childhood
  • over-involved w/early attachment relations
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22
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: UNRESOLVED

A
  • disorganised attachment result
  • unresolved feelings relating to death of loved one/abuse
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23
Q

OLDER KIDS: ATTACHMENT MEASURES

A

INTERVIEWS
Q-SORT
MANCHESTER CHILD ATTACHMENT STORY TASK

24
Q

ATTACHMENT MEASURES: INTERVIEWS

A
  • parents asked qs about kids’ beh/parent-child relationship
25
ATTACHMENT MEASURES: Q-SORT
- caregiver asked to sort into categories number of cards that have phrases w/kids' characteristics
26
ATTACHMENT MEASURES: MANCHESTER CHILD ATTACHMENT STORY
- projective method - kid enacts dif scenarios using doll house/dolls
27
ATTACHMENT MEASURES: THE ADULT ATTACHMENT INTERVIEW
- semi-structured interview - interviewee asked questions about: 1. relationship w/mother/father in childhood 2. separation instances 3. rejection instances 4. why they think their parents did this 5. what they did when upset
28
GENETIC INFLUENCES
- possible allelic variants of serotonin-transporter gene (SLC644 aka. 5HTT formally) influence - DRD4 involved in dopamine system; possible associated w/disorganised/disorientated attachment
29
CAREGIVER'S SENSITIVITY
WOLFF & IJZENDOORN (1997) - meta-analysis w/21 studies - 1k mother-child pairs - moderate link found between sensitivity/attachment security (r = .24)
30
PARENTING
SECURE - sensitive/responsive to kid's needs AVOIDANT - distant/irritable/angry RESISTANT/AMBIVALENT - unpredictable (excessive closeness VS irritability) DISORGANISED - confusing cues - strange/frightening beh display
31
CULTURE: SIMILARITIES
POSADA ET AL (2013) - infant beh similar across some cultures (Africa/East Asia/Latin America/Europe) - supports notion that attachment security = universal phenomenon
32
CULTURE: DIFFERENCES
POSADA ET AL (2013) - Columbia/Peru = least likely to stay in close physical proximity to mothers - Italy/Portugal = more likely to maintain physical contact w/mothers
33
PARENTAL MENTAL HEALTH
CICCHETTI ET AL (1998) - infants of mothers w/depression = ^ likely for insecure attachment > control infants (w/o depression) HOBSON ET AL (2005) - 10 infants w/BPD mothers; 22 controls - BPD = ^ likely for disorganised attachment - BPD mothers = insensitive/intrusive during interactions
34
INTERGENERATIONAL ATTACHMENT TRANSMISSION
MOTHER -> CHILD -> INTERACTIONS 1. autonomous -> secure -> sensitive/responsive 2. dismissing -> avoidant -> deny value of own attachment needs 3. preoccupied -> resistant -> hasn't resolved issues around attachment relationships
35
ATTACHMENT STABILITY
WATERS ET AL (2000) - 20y longitudinal study; 60 infants completed SS at 12m; 50 pps seen again 20y later - interviewed using Adult Attachment Interview - 64% = same attachment classification - 36% changed attachment type into early adulthood
36
KIDS' SOCIAL & COGNITIVE OUTCOMES
STAMS ET AL (2002) - 146 kids adopted prior to 6m - followed infancy -> 7y - results revealed sig associations between: 1. secure -> better social/cognition via ^ motivation/positive peer relations/social support 2. disorganised -> poorer social/cognition
37
KIDS' EMOTION COMPETENCE
- ability to experience/express emotions - distinguishing/managing own/others' emotions - understanding emotion implications PSYCHOGIOU ET AL (2018) - sig association between secure attachment/increased emotion competence - caused via: 1. spontaneous parent-kid discussions about emotion 2. parental validation of emotional expression 3. positive peers relations
38
KIDS' EMOTIONAL ISSUES
COLONNESSI ET AL (2011) - meta-analysis; 5947 kids - sig association between insecure/beh issues - larger effects for boys
39
KIDS' BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES
FEARON ET AL (2010) - meta-analysis; 8907 - sig association between insecure/anxiety - larger effects for adolescents
40
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: THEORIES
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ATTRIBUTION THEORY FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
41
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
- emphasise importance of moment-to-moment interactions - rewards positive beh; consequences for negative
42
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: ATTRIBUTION THEORY
- internal VS external - stable VS unstable - global VS specific - replace negative attributions w/positives
43
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY
- emphasise importance of boundaries between family members - clear communication
44
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: FACTORS PREDICTING RESPONSE/DROPOUT
BAKERMANS-KRANENBURG ET AL (2008) - child factors (ie. problem severity; comorbidity) - parent factors (ie. parental mental health; interparental relationship) - familial factors (ie. socio-economic background) - brief interventions may be better as: 1. take less time 2. clearer aims 3. better adherence 4. less burden/staff turnover
45
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: CHILD-PARENT PSYCHOTHERAPY (CPP)
DOZIER & ROBEN (2015) - for traumatised families - kids 5y/below; weekly 10-12m intervention - focus on: 1. current stressful circumstances 2. emotional communication parent-child 3. better parent-child emotion regulation - post intervention decreases: 1. disorganised child rates 2. negative parental self-representations 3. PTSD symptoms
46
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: CIRCLE OF SECURITY (COS)
DOZIER & ROBEN (2015) - encourages caregivers to: 1. review parenting videos/attachment material 2. reflect on kids' needs & how to respond for reassurance/exploration 3. discuss parenting difficulties w/other parents - post intervention: 1. attachment security rate ^
47
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: ATTACHMENT & BIOBEHAVIOURAL CATCH-UP (ABC)
DOZIER & ROBEN (2015) - for foster parents/high risk pops - 10 sessions at home - for 6-24m kids - focuses on: 1. child care rejection 2. self-regulation issues 3. parenting beh fear 4. foster parenting difficulties
48
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: ATTACHMENT & BIOBEHAVIOURAL CATCH-UP (ABC): AIMS
DOZIER & ROBEN (2015) - aims to foster: 1. sensitive parenting 2. frightening parental beh reduction 3. better parent-child relation - post intervention: 1. decreases disorganised rates/child cortisol lvls/negative effect 2. sensitive parenting ^
49
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: GROUP ATTACHMENT-BASED INTERVENTION (GABI)
GRANQVIST ET AL (2017) - for parents w/poverty/trauma/violence/health inequality experiences; kids 0-3y - 26 weeks; x3 meets p/week for 2h - targets social isolation/poor impulse control/parent-child relationship - post intervention increases: 1. maternal sensitivity 2. child engagement 3. positive mother-child interactions
50
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: VIDEO FEEDBACK INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (VIPP-SD)
JUFFER ET AL (2017) - for parents of kids w/beh issues - focuses on parental sensitivity/discipline - female intervener visits families at home - personal parenting feedback - video-taped mother-kid interactions - kid development info
51
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: VIDEO FEEDBACK INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (VIPP-SD): AIMS
JUFFER ET AL (2017) - responding to kid's needs prompt - sharing emotions - positive beh reinforcement - consistent discipline - explanation/reasoning use - post intervention = decreased cortisol in kids w/DRD4-7 repeat allele BUT not w/o it
52
MOST EFFECTIVE ATTACHMENT-BASED MECHANISMS
GRANQVIST ET AL (2017) - responding to kids' signals - avoiding certain parenting beh (ie. alarming beh) - providing sensitive parenting - resolving traumatic experiences - connecting/avoiding isolation - remaining in present/avoiding losing oneself in the past
53
PARENTING INTERVENTIONS
CHILD-PARENT PSYCHOTHERAPY (CPP) CIRCLE OF SECURITY (COS) ATTACHMENT & BIOBEHAVIOURAL CATCH-UP (ABC) GROUP ATTACHMENT-BASED INTERVENTION (GABI) VIDEO FEEDBACK INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (VIPP-SD)
54
MOTHER/FATHER INCLUSION
PSYCHOGIOU ET AL (2018) - sig prop of kids have dif attachment type to mothers/fathers - secure parents = 47.3% - insecure parents = 24.3% - insecure mother/secure father = 23% - secure mother/insecure father = 5.4%
55
! SUMMARY !
- attachment associated w/outcome range (ie. emotional/social/behavioural) - genes/temperament/parenting/culture all associated w/attachment classification difs - attachment theory underpins number of parenting interventions

Psychopathology & Development (12 decks)

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