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Psychopathology & Development > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

HARLOW (1958)

A
  • monkeys preferred soft mother even though she had no feeding bottle
  • emotional needs = crucial for primate survival
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2
Q

BOWLBY (1953)

A
  • infants have innate primary drive to form attachments
  • this is biologically programmed
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3
Q

AINSWORTH (1978)

A
  • systematically mother-child interactions in Uganda
  • developed Strange Situation Procedure to assess attachment between caregiver/child
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4
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 1

A
  • introduce caregiver/infant to unfamiliar room
  • show toys to baby
  • beh assessed = none
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5
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 2

A
  • caregiver/child no longer alone
  • caregiver doesn’t initiate interactions but responds to infant as appropriate
    BEH ASSESSED
  • exploration
  • caregiver = secure base
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6
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 3

A
  • stranger seated quietly for 1m; talks to caregiver 1m; tries to interact w/infant 1m
    BEH ASSESSED
  • stranger reaction
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7
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 4

A
  • caregiver leaves child alone w/stranger
  • stranger lets infant play but offers comfort if needed
  • shortened if infant = too distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • separation distress
  • stranger’s comforting reaction
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8
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 5

A
  • caregiver calls to infant outside door; enters room pausing by door; stranger leaves
  • caregiver lets infant play; offers comfort if distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • reunion reaction
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9
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 6

A
  • caregiver leaves infant alone
  • segment ended if too distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • separation distress
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10
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 7

A
  • stranger enters room; greets infant; comforts if upset
  • segment ended if too distressed
    BEH ASSESSED
  • ability to be soothed by stranger
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11
Q

AINSWORTH: SS EPISODE 8

A
  • caregiver calls from outside door; enters/greets infant; sits back down; comfort if distressed
  • allows to return to play
    BEH ASSESSED
  • reunion reaction
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12
Q

KEY INFANT BEHAVIOUR IN ATTACHMENT CLASSIFICATION

A

PROXIMITY SEEKING
CONTACT MAINTENANCE
RESISTANCE
AVOIDANCE
REUNION BEHVIOUR

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13
Q

AINSWORTH: ATTACHMENT TYPES

A

SECURE
INSECURE-AVOIDANCE
INSECURE-RESISTANT-AMBIVALENT
DISORGANISED (added later)

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14
Q

AISWORTH: SECURE ATTACHMENT

A
  • interact w/unfamiliar adult
  • separate from caregiver
  • seek caregiver proximity
  • greet caregiver w/positive affect
  • able to return to play
  • 56%-80%
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15
Q

AINSWORTH: INSECURE-AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT

A
  • avoid proximity/eye contact upon reunion
  • explore room alone
  • show little/no pref between caregiver/stranger
  • ignore parents
  • 16-28%
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16
Q

AINSWORTH: RESISTANT-AMBIVALENT ATTACHMENT

A
  • preoccupied w/caregiver
  • highly distressed by separation
  • resist attempts at closeness upon reunion
  • not easily soothed
  • 6-12%
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17
Q

AINSWORTH: DISORGANISED ATTACHMENT

A
  • behave inconsistently/oddly
  • wander around/fearful of caregiver
  • approach caregiver backwards/freeze
  • no consistent pattern for caregiver interaction
  • ^ proportion = maltreating families
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18
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT TYPES

A

SLATER & BREMNER (2011)
- AUTONOMOUS (SECURE)
- DISMISSING (AVOIDANT)
- PREOCCUPIED (RESISTANT)
- UNRESOLVED (DISORGANISED)

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19
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: AUTONOMOUS

A
  • secure attachment result
  • value close relationships
  • talk about childhood in coherent manner
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20
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: DISMISSING

A
  • avoidant attachment result
  • devalue attachment experiences
  • have idealised attachment representations
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21
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: PREOCCUPIED

A
  • resistant attachment result
  • stuck on childhood
  • over-involved w/early attachment relations
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22
Q

ADULT ATTACHMENT: UNRESOLVED

A
  • disorganised attachment result
  • unresolved feelings relating to death of loved one/abuse
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23
Q

OLDER KIDS: ATTACHMENT MEASURES

A

INTERVIEWS
Q-SORT
MANCHESTER CHILD ATTACHMENT STORY TASK

24
Q

ATTACHMENT MEASURES: INTERVIEWS

A
  • parents asked qs about kids’ beh/parent-child relationship
25
Q

ATTACHMENT MEASURES: Q-SORT

A
  • caregiver asked to sort into categories number of cards that have phrases w/kids’ characteristics
26
Q

ATTACHMENT MEASURES: MANCHESTER CHILD ATTACHMENT STORY

A
  • projective method
  • kid enacts dif scenarios using doll house/dolls
27
Q

ATTACHMENT MEASURES: THE ADULT ATTACHMENT INTERVIEW

A
  • semi-structured interview
  • interviewee asked questions about:
    1. relationship w/mother/father in childhood
    2. separation instances
    3. rejection instances
    4. why they think their parents did this
    5. what they did when upset
28
Q

GENETIC INFLUENCES

A
  • possible allelic variants of serotonin-transporter gene (SLC644 aka. 5HTT formally) influence
  • DRD4 involved in dopamine system; possible associated w/disorganised/disorientated attachment
29
Q

CAREGIVER’S SENSITIVITY

A

WOLFF & IJZENDOORN (1997)
- meta-analysis w/21 studies
- 1k mother-child pairs
- moderate link found between sensitivity/attachment security (r = .24)

30
Q

PARENTING

A

SECURE
- sensitive/responsive to kid’s needs
AVOIDANT
- distant/irritable/angry
RESISTANT/AMBIVALENT
- unpredictable (excessive closeness VS irritability)
DISORGANISED
- confusing cues
- strange/frightening beh display

31
Q

CULTURE: SIMILARITIES

A

POSADA ET AL (2013)
- infant beh similar across some cultures (Africa/East Asia/Latin America/Europe)
- supports notion that attachment security = universal phenomenon

32
Q

CULTURE: DIFFERENCES

A

POSADA ET AL (2013)
- Columbia/Peru = least likely to stay in close physical proximity to mothers
- Italy/Portugal = more likely to maintain physical contact w/mothers

33
Q

PARENTAL MENTAL HEALTH

A

CICCHETTI ET AL (1998)
- infants of mothers w/depression = ^ likely for insecure attachment > control infants (w/o depression)
HOBSON ET AL (2005)
- 10 infants w/BPD mothers; 22 controls
- BPD = ^ likely for disorganised attachment
- BPD mothers = insensitive/intrusive during interactions

34
Q

INTERGENERATIONAL ATTACHMENT TRANSMISSION

A

MOTHER -> CHILD -> INTERACTIONS
1. autonomous -> secure -> sensitive/responsive
2. dismissing -> avoidant -> deny value of own attachment needs
3. preoccupied -> resistant -> hasn’t resolved issues around attachment relationships

35
Q

ATTACHMENT STABILITY

A

WATERS ET AL (2000)
- 20y longitudinal study; 60 infants completed SS at 12m; 50 pps seen again 20y later
- interviewed using Adult Attachment Interview
- 64% = same attachment classification
- 36% changed attachment type into early adulthood

36
Q

KIDS’ SOCIAL & COGNITIVE OUTCOMES

A

STAMS ET AL (2002)
- 146 kids adopted prior to 6m
- followed infancy -> 7y
- results revealed sig associations between:
1. secure -> better social/cognition via ^ motivation/positive peer relations/social support
2. disorganised -> poorer social/cognition

37
Q

KIDS’ EMOTION COMPETENCE

A
  • ability to experience/express emotions
  • distinguishing/managing own/others’ emotions
  • understanding emotion implications
    PSYCHOGIOU ET AL (2018)
  • sig association between secure attachment/increased emotion competence
  • caused via:
    1. spontaneous parent-kid discussions about emotion
    2. parental validation of emotional expression
    3. positive peers relations
38
Q

KIDS’ EMOTIONAL ISSUES

A

COLONNESSI ET AL (2011)
- meta-analysis; 5947 kids
- sig association between insecure/beh issues
- larger effects for boys

39
Q

KIDS’ BEHAVIOURAL ISSUES

A

FEARON ET AL (2010)
- meta-analysis; 8907
- sig association between insecure/anxiety
- larger effects for adolescents

40
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: THEORIES

A

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
ATTRIBUTION THEORY
FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY

41
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

A
  • emphasise importance of moment-to-moment interactions
  • rewards positive beh; consequences for negative
42
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: ATTRIBUTION THEORY

A
  • internal VS external
  • stable VS unstable
  • global VS specific
  • replace negative attributions w/positives
43
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY

A
  • emphasise importance of boundaries between family members
  • clear communication
44
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: FACTORS PREDICTING RESPONSE/DROPOUT

A

BAKERMANS-KRANENBURG ET AL (2008)
- child factors (ie. problem severity; comorbidity)
- parent factors (ie. parental mental health; interparental relationship)
- familial factors (ie. socio-economic background)
- brief interventions may be better as:
1. take less time
2. clearer aims
3. better adherence
4. less burden/staff turnover

45
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: CHILD-PARENT PSYCHOTHERAPY (CPP)

A

DOZIER & ROBEN (2015)
- for traumatised families
- kids 5y/below; weekly 10-12m intervention
- focus on:
1. current stressful circumstances
2. emotional communication parent-child
3. better parent-child emotion regulation
- post intervention decreases:
1. disorganised child rates
2. negative parental self-representations
3. PTSD symptoms

46
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: CIRCLE OF SECURITY (COS)

A

DOZIER & ROBEN (2015)
- encourages caregivers to:
1. review parenting videos/attachment material
2. reflect on kids’ needs & how to respond for reassurance/exploration
3. discuss parenting difficulties w/other parents
- post intervention:
1. attachment security rate ^

47
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: ATTACHMENT & BIOBEHAVIOURAL CATCH-UP (ABC)

A

DOZIER & ROBEN (2015)
- for foster parents/high risk pops
- 10 sessions at home
- for 6-24m kids
- focuses on:
1. child care rejection
2. self-regulation issues
3. parenting beh fear
4. foster parenting difficulties

48
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: ATTACHMENT & BIOBEHAVIOURAL CATCH-UP (ABC): AIMS

A

DOZIER & ROBEN (2015)
- aims to foster:
1. sensitive parenting
2. frightening parental beh reduction
3. better parent-child relation
- post intervention:
1. decreases disorganised rates/child cortisol lvls/negative effect
2. sensitive parenting ^

49
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: GROUP ATTACHMENT-BASED INTERVENTION (GABI)

A

GRANQVIST ET AL (2017)
- for parents w/poverty/trauma/violence/health inequality experiences; kids 0-3y
- 26 weeks; x3 meets p/week for 2h
- targets social isolation/poor impulse control/parent-child relationship
- post intervention increases:
1. maternal sensitivity
2. child engagement
3. positive mother-child interactions

50
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: VIDEO FEEDBACK INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (VIPP-SD)

A

JUFFER ET AL (2017)
- for parents of kids w/beh issues
- focuses on parental sensitivity/discipline
- female intervener visits families at home
- personal parenting feedback
- video-taped mother-kid interactions
- kid development info

51
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS: VIDEO FEEDBACK INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (VIPP-SD): AIMS

A

JUFFER ET AL (2017)
- responding to kid’s needs prompt
- sharing emotions
- positive beh reinforcement
- consistent discipline
- explanation/reasoning use
- post intervention = decreased cortisol in kids w/DRD4-7 repeat allele BUT not w/o it

52
Q

MOST EFFECTIVE ATTACHMENT-BASED MECHANISMS

A

GRANQVIST ET AL (2017)
- responding to kids’ signals
- avoiding certain parenting beh (ie. alarming beh)
- providing sensitive parenting
- resolving traumatic experiences
- connecting/avoiding isolation
- remaining in present/avoiding losing oneself in the past

53
Q

PARENTING INTERVENTIONS

A

CHILD-PARENT PSYCHOTHERAPY (CPP)
CIRCLE OF SECURITY (COS)
ATTACHMENT & BIOBEHAVIOURAL CATCH-UP (ABC)
GROUP ATTACHMENT-BASED INTERVENTION (GABI)
VIDEO FEEDBACK INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (VIPP-SD)

54
Q

MOTHER/FATHER INCLUSION

A

PSYCHOGIOU ET AL (2018)
- sig prop of kids have dif attachment type to mothers/fathers
- secure parents = 47.3%
- insecure parents = 24.3%
- insecure mother/secure father = 23%
- secure mother/insecure father = 5.4%

55
Q

! SUMMARY !

A
  • attachment associated w/outcome range (ie. emotional/social/behavioural)
  • genes/temperament/parenting/culture all associated w/attachment classification difs
  • attachment theory underpins number of parenting interventions

Psychopathology & Development (12 decks)

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