Pediatrics Lecture 4

Question 1

What is a PVL?

Answer 1

Periventricular Leukomalacia: symmetric non-hemorrhagic lesions to the premature infant with necrosis to the white matter dorsal and lateral to the external angles of the lateral ventricles; necrosis of white matter; white matter damage increases with decreased gestational age

Check image on ppt.

Question 2

What is a IVH?

Answer 2

Intraventricular Hemorrhage: bleeding inside and around the ventricles within the first three days of life; bleeding may be due to fragile and immature blood vessels that can easily rupture

Question 3

Define the Grades of IVH

Answer 3

Grade 1 - bleeding occurs just in a small area of the ventricles

Grade 2 - bleeding also occurs inside the ventricles

Grade 3 - ventricles are enlarged by the blood

Grade 4 - bleeding into the brain tissues around the ventricles

3&4 can result in CP
1&2 most common

Question 4

Define HIE

Answer 4

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: brain damage caused by oxygen deprivation, which is the major perinatal cause of neurologic morbidity in both the premature and full term infant caused by lack of oxygen in the blood

Question 5

What are the signs of HIE?

Answer 5

Seizures and abnormalities in states of consciousness, tone, posture, reflexes, respiratory pattern, and autonomic function

Question 6

Define APGAR

Answer 6

A - Activity
P - Pulse
G - Grimace
A - Appearance
R - Respiration

Checked immediately after birth, at 1 minute and 5 minutes
(10 minutes with score lower than 7)