Pediatrics

Question 1

what increases the likelihood of a preterm or LBW infant?

Answer 1

-maternal underweight status and or poor maternal weight gain

Question 2

what does maternal overweight or obese status lead to?

Answer 2

increased risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and difficult deliveries

Question 3

what are maternal weight gain recommendations based on?

Answer 3

pre pregnancy BMI with underweight women encouraged to gain more and vice versa
-recommended gain during the first trimester is significantly less than the second and third

Question 4

when is weight gain the most important during pregnancy

Answer 4

• third trimester

- energy expenditures are increased

Question 5

what can pregnancy be adversely effected by in the diet

Answer 5

• high dose vitamin A
• alcohol
• excessive caffeine

Question 6

what can prenatal nutrition effect

Answer 6

• fetal programming which affects the development of chronic diseases later in life
• low birth weight is associated with obesity later in life

Question 7

micronutrient requirements during pregnancy

Answer 7

• some increase (iron and zinc)
• some don’t change (vitamin D and calcium)
• the absorption of calcium, iron, and zinc improves during pregnancy

Question 8

how do vegans and vegetarians meet requirements during pregnancy

Answer 8

-supplementation

Question 9

which foods should be avoided during pregnancy

Answer 9

• high listeria risk

- high mercury

Question 10

needs during lactation

Answer 10

-higher energy and protein

Question 11

micronutrient needs during lactation

Answer 11

• same as in pregnancy except there is a decrease in the need for iron and folate
• however it is recommended that mothers still take iron supplements in order to replete their iron stores

Question 12

what are the benefits of breast feeding

Answer 12

• physical, emotional, convenience, and financial benefits for the mother
• nutritional and health benefits for the infant

Question 13

how long should breast feeding happen

Answer 13

-for the first 6 months but recommended for 12

Question 14

maternal nutrition and lactation

Answer 14

-if nutrition is inadequate than milk production could be decreased and in poor quality

Question 15

colostrum

Answer 15

• the first fluid expressed from breast milk

- thick and high in proteins and immunoglobulins

Question 16

compositional changes of breast milk

Answer 16

• foremilk (early) contains more lactose
• hindmilk (late) contains more fat
• low in vitamin D and iron, although the iron in breast milk is highly bioavailable

Question 17

contrindication to breast feeding

Answer 17

• HIV infection
• galactosemia
• substance abuse

Question 18

what is the best marker of nutritional status in children

Answer 18

-growth

Question 19

what is the first thing to be affected by malnutrtion

Answer 19

-weight

Question 20

how fast should birthweight double

Answer 20

4 to 6 months of age

Question 21

what is a good longterm indicator

Answer 21

-height because it is effected by long term malnutrtion

Question 22

what is the least sensitive measurement of nutritional status

Answer 22

• head circumference

- it is the last to be affected by malnutrition

Question 23

underweight

Answer 23

• low weight for age

- recent acute illness or is genetic

Question 24

wasting

Answer 24

• low weight for the height
• more severe recent acute illness
• can increase mortality

Question 25

stunting

Answer 25

- low height for the age | - chronic malnutrtion or genetic

Question 26

what is the fastest growth stage in the life cycle

Answer 26

infancy

Question 27

what is the major energy source for infancy

Answer 27

-fat

Question 28

what vitamin sup is recommended for breast fed infants

Answer 28

-vitamin D

Question 29

when are infants ready for solid food

Answer 29

4 to 6 months of age | -however breast milk should remain the primary source of nutrients for the first year of life

Question 30

what is recommended for a first solid food

Answer 30

iron supplemented solid since iron stores are depleted after 4 to 6 months

Question 31

when should cows milk be introduced

Answer 31

-after the first year of life

Question 32

what should be avoided in infancy

Answer 32

honey and corn syrup

Question 33

failure to thrive (FTT)

Answer 33

- infants who fail to gain weight or they lose weight - can be due to medical organic or non organic reasons - often due to inadequate intake, absorption, or excessive metabolic demands

Question 34

how do you address and assess FTT

Answer 34

study the meal times or feedings, including caretaker-child interactions

Question 35

when does appetite decrease

Answer 35

-after one year of life

Question 36

appetite and intake variability

Answer 36

-varies over the short term but not so much over the long term

Question 37

common childhood nutrition related concerns

Answer 37

- iron deficiency - dental caries - obesity

Question 38

overweight child

Answer 38

greater than 85%ile of BMI for age

Question 39

obese child

Answer 39

greater than 95%ile BMI for age

Question 40

severely obese child

Answer 40

greater than 99%ile BMI for age

Question 41

ways to curb childhood obesity

Answer 41

-encourage healthy diet and require a minimum of 60 mins physical activity per day -

Question 42

adolescent growth spurt

Answer 42

- both boys and girls have an increased energy and nutrient requirement to support growth and maturation - this group is heavily influenced by peers

Question 43

where are disorders most common

Answer 43

-in the adolescent female population

Question 44

female athlete triad

Answer 44

- disordered eating - amenorrhea - osteoperosis