Fat soluble Viatmins SG

Question 1

preformed vitamin A appears where

Answer 1

• retinyl esters or retinol
• found in animal foods such as liver, fish, dairy,
• also in fortified foods such as cerials and reduced fat milk

Question 2

carotenoids are found in

Answer 2

• fruits
• veggies
• fats
• oils
• sweets
• fortified foods such as cerials and supps

Question 3

what regulates the cleavage of the three provitamin A carotenoids
-wehre?

Answer 3

• vitamin A stores regulate the cleavage

- happens in the enterocyte

Question 4

functions of vitamin A metabolites

Answer 4

• vision
• cell division and differentiation
• reproduction
• immunity
• bone growth

Question 5

vit A def’s occur with

Answer 5

• poor diet
• malabsorptive disorders
• parasite infestation

Question 6

signs of a Vitamin A def

Answer 6

• impaired night vision and epithelial scarring of the eyes leading to blindness
• impaired growth and development
• impaired immunity and increased risk of infections

Question 7

vitamin A tox

-when does it occur?

Answer 7

• excess ingestion of preformed vitamin A
• impaired excretion of vitamin metabolites
• excess intake is almost always due to supplements
• excretion may be impaired in chronic kidney disease, this causes a predisposition of vitamin A def

Question 8

vitamin A tox is usually through chronic overload and this manifests by

Answer 8

• headache, diziness, loss of muscle coordination and eventual coma
• liver damage and eventual cirrhosis
• alopecia
• teratogenicity
• osteoperosis

Question 9

provitamin A carotenoids and tox

Answer 9

• they do not result in tox becasue cleavage to vitamin A is regulated
• increaed provitamin results in excess oraange or yellow pigmentation of skin

Question 10

supplementation with beta carotene

Answer 10

-not recommended due to supp trials where some populations such as smokers experienced greater rates of cancer

Question 11

fancy name for viatmin D

Answer 11

-cholecalciferol

Question 12

vitamin D synthesis

Answer 12

-in the skin in response to sun light

Question 13

ergocalciferol

Answer 13

-not endogenously synthesized but is consumed from some plant food sources as well as in supps and fortified foods

Question 14

hydroxylation of vitamin D

Answer 14

-occurs in the liver and then in the kidney to produce the active form 25-(OH)2

Question 15

vitamin D functions to

Answer 15

• increase calcium and phosphate absorption in the small intestine
• increase calcium resorption and increase phosphate excretion by the kidney
• increase calcium resorption as well as deposition in bone

Question 16

risks for vitamin D deficiency include

Answer 16

• infants who are exclusively breast fed
• poor diet
• inadequate sun exposure
• darker pigmentation of skin
• lactose intolerance, as milk products may be an important source for some individuals
• fat metabolism
• liver disease
• kidney disease

Question 17

vitamin D deficiency syndromes

Answer 17

• children: rickets is manifested byimparied bone mineralization and bowing of the legs
• adults: osteomalacia is manifested by bone pain and tenderness
• acceleration of osteoporosis and fracture risk
• myopathy and weakness

Question 18

when does vitamin D tox occur

Answer 18

• medications or dietary supplememnts containing vitamin D
• skin synthesis is suppressed with vitamin D sufficiency
• manifests by hypercalciemia sequale

Question 19

vitamin D upper limit is based on

Answer 19

-risk of hypercalcemia and its complications of hypercalciuria nephrolithiasis and clacification of vascular and soft tissue

Question 20

vitamin e functions as an

Answer 20

-antioxidant

Question 21

deficiency can occur with

Answer 21

• poor intake
• GI disesae
• malabsorption
• congenital diseases which prevent vitamin E export from the liver (disorders of lipid metabolism where vitamin E can not be carried by lipoproteins or due to genetic defects in alpha-tocopherol transfer proteins)

Question 22

def in vitamin E most commonly results in

Answer 22

• peripheral neuropathy

- can also result in: immune defects, optic neuropathy, and hemolytic anemia

Question 23

toxicity is due to

Answer 23

-use of dietary supps

Question 24

tox of vitamin E results in

Answer 24

• increased risk of hemorrhage, and this serves as the rationale for the upper limit
• patients taking vitamin E supplements should stop then before surgery

Question 25

all cause mortality limit of vitamin E

Answer 25

• 400IU per day

- routine supp at or above this limit is not recommended

Question 26

wehre is vitamin K found

Answer 26

• green leafy plants
• soy beans
• oils
• some dairy
• some animal foods
• some fermented foods
• fortified foods such as breakfast cereals
• fast food rich in plant oils

Question 27

role of vitamin K

Answer 27

• cofactor for the gama-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues to from Gla
• this carboxylation is necessary for functionality by allowing calcium binding of the vitmain K dependent blood coagulation factors

Question 28

purpose of the vitamin K cycle

Answer 28

-once it is used in gama carboxylation, it is in the form of an epoxide that needs to be regenerated by the vitamin K cycle

Question 29

action of warfarin

Answer 29

-blocks the regeneration of vitamin K by inhibiting the vitamin K cycle

Question 30

risk for vitamin K deficiency occurs with

Answer 30

• malabsorptive disorders
• liver disease, which can influence absorption and storage
• poor diet and alcoholism
• birth, babies are born vitamin K deficient

Question 31

deficiency in vitamin K results in risk for

Answer 31

• abnormal bleeding
• hemorrhagic disease in newborns who are not supplemented with vitmain K
• embryopathy, or congenital syndromes in children born to women who take warfarin during pregnancy or more rapidly in children that are born to women with vitamin K def