Pediatric Theroies & play Theories (OTH Exam)

Question 1

Psychoanalytic

Answer 1

Behavior is merely a surface characteristic and it is important to analyze the symbolic meaning of behavior- early experiences are important in development.

Question 2

Freuds 3 Personality Structures

Answer 2

id: intrinsic
ego: manages the demands of reality
superego: the moral branch of personality - conscience

Question 3

Freuds Five psychosexual stages of development

Answer 3

1. Oral stage (first 18 months)
2. Anal Stage (18-36)
3. Phallic Stage (3-6) genitals and self minipulation
4. Latency (six-puberty) sexual interest are repressed and social/intelectual skills are developed
5. Genital Stage (puberty on) sexual reawakening)

Question 4

Eriksons Theory

Answer 4

Emphasized development through psychosocial stages.

Question 5

Erkison Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 5

in infancy where trust provides physical comfort and a lifetime of expectant trust has begun

Question 6

Erikson Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt

Answer 6

1-3 begin to discover that their behavior is their own and begin to assert independence- overpunishment could produce shame and doubt.

Question 7

Erikson Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 7

PreK - Begins to assert oneself and assume responsibility - prone to guilt if made anxious

Question 8

Erikson Industy vs Inferiority

Answer 8

Elementay school years- Enthusiastic about learning - prone to feelings of incompetence and inferiority if stilted in their industry

Question 9

Erikson Identity vs. identity confusions

Answer 9

Adolescence and role exploration- hinderince in this exploration or authoritarian demands by parents to assume a chosen role can lead to identity confusion.

Question 10

Erikson Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 10

In early adulthood- acheving a relationship in which one “loses oneself” to another

Question 11

Erikson genertivity vs stangation

Answer 11

In middle adulthood developing meaningful and useful lives vs having done nothing

Question 12

Erikson integrity vs dispare

Answer 12

Later years - person retroactively views is or hers life positively or negatively.

Question 13

Piaget Cognitive Developmental Theory

Answer 13

Children actively contruct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development.

Question 14

Piaget Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 14

0-2 years - infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences w. physical action

Question 15

Piaget Preoperational Stage

Answer 15

2- 7 - Children represent the world w. words and images, reflecting increased symbolic thinking

Question 16

Piaget Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 16

The child now reasons logically and classifies objects into different sets

Question 17

Piaget Formal Operational Stage

Answer 17

Reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.

Question 18

Vytgotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

Answer 18

Emphasizes developental analysis, the role of language, and social relations.

• The chil;s cognitive skills are understood only when developmentally analyzed.
• Cognitive skills are mediated by word, language, symbols, and forms of discourse.
• Cognitive skills have their origins in social relations and are embedded in a sociocultural backdrop.

Question 19

Behavioral and Social Cognitive THeories

Answer 19

Development is observable behavior that can be learned throught experience w/ the enviornment

Question 20

Pavlovs Cassical Conditioning

Answer 20

A neutral stim. aquires the abulity to produce a reproduce a response originally produced by another stim.

Question 21

Skinners Operant Conditioning

Answer 21

Through inducing rewards and punishments, one can manipulate the enviornment to emit the desired respone in behavior.

Question 22

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 22

Behavior cognition, and enviornment are key factors in development. People often cognitively identify with others behavior and then model or imitate it. A persons behavior influences the enviornment, which in turn influences behavior.

Question 23

Ethological Theory

Answer 23

Behavior is stronly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and therefore characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
This theory produced the concept of imprinnting- when an offspring innately attaches itself to the first moving object seen b/c it is a critical period.

Question 24

Ethological THeory Bronfenbrenner) 5 Enviornmental Influences

Answer 24

1. Microsystem- child lives, family, school
2. Mesosystem- relationships w.in the microsystem
3. Exosystem- influences of factors over which one has no control- divorce
4. Macrosystem - the culture in which one lives, the value and beleif systems.
5. Chronosystem- the sequence of patterning of events that impact the childs life: divorce may affect the child differently at different times.

Question 25

Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

Answer 25

An approach that selects concepts from one or more of the various theories in analyzing a child’s development.

Question 26

Play as Disposition

Answer 26

Intrinsic Motication
Focus on a means rather than end - process not an outcome
Organism centered not objective behavior
Pretend
Freedom from externelly imposed rules
Active engagement - absorbed

Question 27

Play as Observable Behavior

Answer 27

Refers to various taxonomies of play
Piaget :practice or symbolic and rules.
Patern: catergories of social interaction
Smilanskly : functional play, constructive play, and dramatic play.

Question 28

Play as Context

Answer 28

emphasizes the influence of culture on play

how does the enviornment facilitate or inhibit play

Question 29

Sequential Development : Piaget

Answer 29

Cognitive
6m-2 : practice play
2-6 : symbolic play
6 - games w. rules

Question 30

Sequential Development : Erikson

Answer 30

Psychosocial
6 mo - 18 mo : autocosmic play
18 - 3 : microsphere
3 - macrosphere

Question 31

Sequential Development : Reily

Answer 31

Occupational
6 mo - 3 : explorational
3- 7 : competence
7 - achievement

Question 32

Sequentail Development: Gesell

Answer 32

Social 
0-2 solitary play 
2 - 3 : paralled play 
3 -4 : assosiative play 
4 - 6 : co - operative play 
6 - competitive play

Question 33

Classic Play Theories (Pre WW 1)

Answer 33

surplus energy: extra energy
recreation/relaxtional theory : replensih energy
pre- exercise theory : perporation for the future
recapitulation theory- get rid of old intrinsic behvaiors chase and hunt games)

Question 34

Modern Play Theories (Post WW 1)

Answer 34

Arousal modulation
Psychodynamic
Cognitive developmental
Sociocultural therories

Question 35

Arousal Modulation Theories

Answer 35

CNS has optimal arousal level
Specific exploration reduces arousal and diversive exploration increases arousal
Play is motivated by the need to elevate the level of arousal towards the optimal
Exploratory behavior- what can this object do
Play behavior - what can i do w. this object

Question 36

Psychodynamic Play Theories

Answer 36

Play was wish fulfillment and leads to mastry of traumatic events (freud)
In play children create situations in which they can sucessfully deal w/ anxieties and uncertainly- develop ability to master reality (erikson)

Question 37

Cognitive Development Theories

Answer 37

Play is a cognitive process and contributes to cognitive development.
Play, creativity, & adaptation (Bruner & Sutton-Smith)
Cognitive development and play (piaget
Development of creativity in play (Garner)

Question 38

Socio-cultural Play theories

Answer 38

play has a reciprocal relationship w/ culture; can influence culture
Play contributes to socialisation of children as it is context for children to learn
Culture is expressed or embodied in play.
Play as socialisation (mead)
play as communication (bateson)

Question 39

Sutton - Smilt Seven rhetorics of play (modern)

Answer 39

Play as progress - we adapt and develop through plat
play as selfhood - play as an expression of voluntary freedom.
Play as imaginary - play as symbolic trnasformation, mental energy

Question 40

Sutton -Smith rhetorics of play (ancient)

Answer 40

Play as power - we contest and compete w/ others - in sports and games
Play as identity - the play forms we use to confirm membership in a community - festival
Play as fate and chaos - the sense that we are played by forces greater than ourselves not accessible to reason
Play as frivolity - play as laughter, subversion,

Question 41

Reilly

Answer 41

Play as exploratory learning continued. 
Three Hierarchic stages of play : 
Exploratory 
Competency 
Achievement 
"Rule Learning" 
3 Hierical Action systerm : neurological , symbilioc, language

Question 42

Reilly Occupational Rule

Answer 42

Activity in an individuals life that contributes to society and therefore defines the persons societal worth
Change across the lifespan: player, pre-school, student, worker/homemaker, retiree

Question 43

Florey : Classification of Play

Answer 43

Based on the premise that play is te action of human and non-human onjects that is engaged in for its own sake.
Type one objects : creative, unstuctured mesdia
type 2: can be changed when combined w/ other items
Type 3: maintain orginal form regardless of play actions

Question 44

Takata : taxonomy of play

Answer 44

Propsed that play evolved through a sequence of age-related epochs:
sensorimotor
symbolic & simple constructive
Dramatic, comples,, constructive and pre game
game
recreation

Question 45

Bundy : Playfulness

Answer 45

The play acctivities in which individuals engage may matter less than whether the individual approaches those activities in a playfull manner
Theory forms the basis of the Test of Playfullness

Question 46

Four elements of playfulness

Answer 46

1. Intrinsic motivation
2. Internal Control
3. Freedom to suspend reality
4. Framing