Pediatric Theroies & play Theories (OTH Exam) Flashcards
Psychoanalytic
Behavior is merely a surface characteristic and it is important to analyze the symbolic meaning of behavior- early experiences are important in development.
Freuds 3 Personality Structures
id: intrinsic
ego: manages the demands of reality
superego: the moral branch of personality - conscience
Freuds Five psychosexual stages of development
- Oral stage (first 18 months)
- Anal Stage (18-36)
- Phallic Stage (3-6) genitals and self minipulation
- Latency (six-puberty) sexual interest are repressed and social/intelectual skills are developed
- Genital Stage (puberty on) sexual reawakening)
Eriksons Theory
Emphasized development through psychosocial stages.
Erkison Trust vs Mistrust
in infancy where trust provides physical comfort and a lifetime of expectant trust has begun
Erikson Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt
1-3 begin to discover that their behavior is their own and begin to assert independence- overpunishment could produce shame and doubt.
Erikson Initiative vs. guilt
PreK - Begins to assert oneself and assume responsibility - prone to guilt if made anxious
Erikson Industy vs Inferiority
Elementay school years- Enthusiastic about learning - prone to feelings of incompetence and inferiority if stilted in their industry
Erikson Identity vs. identity confusions
Adolescence and role exploration- hinderince in this exploration or authoritarian demands by parents to assume a chosen role can lead to identity confusion.
Erikson Intimacy vs Isolation
In early adulthood- acheving a relationship in which one “loses oneself” to another
Erikson genertivity vs stangation
In middle adulthood developing meaningful and useful lives vs having done nothing
Erikson integrity vs dispare
Later years - person retroactively views is or hers life positively or negatively.
Piaget Cognitive Developmental Theory
Children actively contruct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development.
Piaget Sensorimotor Stage
0-2 years - infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences w. physical action
Piaget Preoperational Stage
2- 7 - Children represent the world w. words and images, reflecting increased symbolic thinking
Piaget Concrete Operational Stage
The child now reasons logically and classifies objects into different sets
Piaget Formal Operational Stage
Reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.
Vytgotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory
Emphasizes developental analysis, the role of language, and social relations.
- The chil;s cognitive skills are understood only when developmentally analyzed.
- Cognitive skills are mediated by word, language, symbols, and forms of discourse.
- Cognitive skills have their origins in social relations and are embedded in a sociocultural backdrop.
Behavioral and Social Cognitive THeories
Development is observable behavior that can be learned throught experience w/ the enviornment
Pavlovs Cassical Conditioning
A neutral stim. aquires the abulity to produce a reproduce a response originally produced by another stim.
Skinners Operant Conditioning
Through inducing rewards and punishments, one can manipulate the enviornment to emit the desired respone in behavior.
Social Cognitive Theory
Behavior cognition, and enviornment are key factors in development. People often cognitively identify with others behavior and then model or imitate it. A persons behavior influences the enviornment, which in turn influences behavior.
Ethological Theory
Behavior is stronly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and therefore characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
This theory produced the concept of imprinnting- when an offspring innately attaches itself to the first moving object seen b/c it is a critical period.
Ethological THeory Bronfenbrenner) 5 Enviornmental Influences
- Microsystem- child lives, family, school
- Mesosystem- relationships w.in the microsystem
- Exosystem- influences of factors over which one has no control- divorce
- Macrosystem - the culture in which one lives, the value and beleif systems.
- Chronosystem- the sequence of patterning of events that impact the childs life: divorce may affect the child differently at different times.
Eclectic Theoretical Orientation
An approach that selects concepts from one or more of the various theories in analyzing a child’s development.
Play as Disposition
Intrinsic Motication
Focus on a means rather than end - process not an outcome
Organism centered not objective behavior
Pretend
Freedom from externelly imposed rules
Active engagement - absorbed
Play as Observable Behavior
Refers to various taxonomies of play
Piaget :practice or symbolic and rules.
Patern: catergories of social interaction
Smilanskly : functional play, constructive play, and dramatic play.
Play as Context
emphasizes the influence of culture on play
how does the enviornment facilitate or inhibit play
Sequential Development : Piaget
Cognitive
6m-2 : practice play
2-6 : symbolic play
6 - games w. rules
Sequential Development : Erikson
Psychosocial
6 mo - 18 mo : autocosmic play
18 - 3 : microsphere
3 - macrosphere
Sequential Development : Reily
Occupational
6 mo - 3 : explorational
3- 7 : competence
7 - achievement
Sequentail Development: Gesell
Social 0-2 solitary play 2 - 3 : paralled play 3 -4 : assosiative play 4 - 6 : co - operative play 6 - competitive play
Classic Play Theories (Pre WW 1)
surplus energy: extra energy
recreation/relaxtional theory : replensih energy
pre- exercise theory : perporation for the future
recapitulation theory- get rid of old intrinsic behvaiors chase and hunt games)
Modern Play Theories (Post WW 1)
Arousal modulation
Psychodynamic
Cognitive developmental
Sociocultural therories
Arousal Modulation Theories
CNS has optimal arousal level
Specific exploration reduces arousal and diversive exploration increases arousal
Play is motivated by the need to elevate the level of arousal towards the optimal
Exploratory behavior- what can this object do
Play behavior - what can i do w. this object
Psychodynamic Play Theories
Play was wish fulfillment and leads to mastry of traumatic events (freud)
In play children create situations in which they can sucessfully deal w/ anxieties and uncertainly- develop ability to master reality (erikson)
Cognitive Development Theories
Play is a cognitive process and contributes to cognitive development.
Play, creativity, & adaptation (Bruner & Sutton-Smith)
Cognitive development and play (piaget
Development of creativity in play (Garner)
Socio-cultural Play theories
play has a reciprocal relationship w/ culture; can influence culture
Play contributes to socialisation of children as it is context for children to learn
Culture is expressed or embodied in play.
Play as socialisation (mead)
play as communication (bateson)
Sutton - Smilt Seven rhetorics of play (modern)
Play as progress - we adapt and develop through plat
play as selfhood - play as an expression of voluntary freedom.
Play as imaginary - play as symbolic trnasformation, mental energy
Sutton -Smith rhetorics of play (ancient)
Play as power - we contest and compete w/ others - in sports and games
Play as identity - the play forms we use to confirm membership in a community - festival
Play as fate and chaos - the sense that we are played by forces greater than ourselves not accessible to reason
Play as frivolity - play as laughter, subversion,
Reilly
Play as exploratory learning continued. Three Hierarchic stages of play : Exploratory Competency Achievement "Rule Learning" 3 Hierical Action systerm : neurological , symbilioc, language
Reilly Occupational Rule
Activity in an individuals life that contributes to society and therefore defines the persons societal worth
Change across the lifespan: player, pre-school, student, worker/homemaker, retiree
Florey : Classification of Play
Based on the premise that play is te action of human and non-human onjects that is engaged in for its own sake.
Type one objects : creative, unstuctured mesdia
type 2: can be changed when combined w/ other items
Type 3: maintain orginal form regardless of play actions
Takata : taxonomy of play
Propsed that play evolved through a sequence of age-related epochs:
sensorimotor
symbolic & simple constructive
Dramatic, comples,, constructive and pre game
game
recreation
Bundy : Playfulness
The play acctivities in which individuals engage may matter less than whether the individual approaches those activities in a playfull manner
Theory forms the basis of the Test of Playfullness
Four elements of playfulness
- Intrinsic motivation
- Internal Control
- Freedom to suspend reality
- Framing
