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Peds II > Pediatric Pulmonary/Respiratory > Flashcards

Pediatric Pulmonary/Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common etiology of Viral Croup?

A

Parainfluenza virus

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2
Q

What condition involves barking cough (seal-like), hoarseness, inspiratory stridor?

A

Viral Croup

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3
Q

What condition involves neck XR shows “steeple sign”?

A

Viral Croup

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4
Q

What is the treatment for mild Viral Croup? Moderate Viral Croup (2)? Severe Viral Croup?

A
  • Mild croup: no stridor = supportive care
  • Mod. croup: stridor + SOME retractions = steroids (Dexamethasone) and Epi nebulizer
  • Severe croup: stridor + retractions + agitation = ER
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5
Q

What pulmonary/respiratory condition is an EMERGENCY?

A

Epiglottitis

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6
Q

What condition is associated with the 4 D’s (dysphagia, drooling, distress, dysphonia)?

A

Epiglottitis

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7
Q

What four symptoms are associated with Epiglottitis?

A

4 D’s:

  • Dysphagia
  • Drooling
  • Distress
  • Dysphonia (muffled/hot potato voice
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8
Q

What is the most common etiology associated with Epiglottitis?

A

Bacterial

- H. influenzae type B/Hib

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9
Q

What condition involves neck XR shows “thumb sign”?

A

Epiglottitis

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10
Q

What are the two recommended treatments for Epiglottitis?

A
  • Hospitalization

- Abx (Ceftriaxone)

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11
Q

What is the peak age for FB Aspiration? What is the most fatal substance that is aspirated?

A

Peak 12-24 months

- Balloons

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12
Q

What condition involves abrupt onset cough → dyspnea?

A

FB Aspiration

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13
Q

What is the diagnostic AND curative test for FB Aspiration? For what type of FB should this be used, and why?

A

Rigid bronchoscopy

- Aspirated food particles (vegetables) because not visible on CXR

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14
Q

What condition involves floppy trachea = abnormal collapse due to poor cartilage support?

A

Tracheomalacia

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15
Q

What condition involves recurrent harsh/barking cough, expiratory stridor?

A

Tracheomalacia

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16
Q

How can you differentiate Viral Croup from Tracheomalacia - both have a barking cough?

A
  • Viral Croup: inspiratory stridor

- Tracheomalacia: expiratory stridor

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17
Q

In what stage is Pertussis most contagious, and time frame?

A

MOST infectious in Catarrhal phase (first 1-2 weeks onset)

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18
Q

What condition involves the classic triad of paroxysms of cough, inspiratory whoop, post-tussive emesis?

A

Pertussis

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19
Q

What classic triad is associated with Pertussis?

A
  • Paroxysms of cough
  • Inspiratory whoop
  • Post-tussive emesis
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20
Q

What is the gold standard test for Pertussis? What other test can be used, and in what stage?

A

Nasal culture = gold standard

- Also PCR if catarrhal stage

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21
Q

During what stage is Pertussis diagnosis clinical?

A

Clinical dx if around 3-8 week period (after incubation and catarrhal)

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22
Q

What is the recommended treatment for Pertussis (2)?

A

Antibiotics

- Macrolides or Bactrim

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23
Q

What antibiotic is associated with pyloric stenosis?

A

Azithromycin

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24
Q

What condition involves LRTI in bronchioles of children less than 2 years; Fall/Winter?

A

Bronchiolitis

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25
Q

What is the leading cause of hospitalization?

A

Bronchiolitis

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26
Q

What is the most common etiology of Bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

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27
Q

What condition involves 1-3 days of URI → worsens to fever, cough, respiratory distress?

A

Bronchiolitis

28
Q

How is Bronchiolitis diagnosed?

A

Clinically based on sxs, age, time of year

29
Q

What is the recommended treatment for Bronchiolitis? What if it is moderate/severe?

A

Supportive care with 1-2 day follow-up

- If moderate/severe (toxic-appearing, nasal flaring) = hospitalize with Albuterol trial

30
Q

How can you differentiate Bronchiolitis from RSV Bronchiolitis?

A

RSV Bronchiolitis = LRTI in bronchioles PLUS PNA or apnea

31
Q

What condition involves parenchymal involvement; often colder months?

A

Pneumonia (PNA)

32
Q

What is the most common etiology of PNA for ages 1 month to 5 years, and what pathogen?

A

Viral (RSV)

33
Q

What is the most common etiology of PNA for ages 5 to 18 years (2), and what pathogen?

A

Bacterial or atypical

- S. pneumoniae

34
Q

What condition involves ill-appearing, grunting = BAD; crackles/rales?

A

PNA

35
Q

If PNA presents with conjunctivitis, what etiology should be considered?

A

Chlamydia

36
Q

What condition involves consolidation with +egophony, +bronchophony, +whispered pectoriloquy, +tactile fremitus?

A

PNA

37
Q

If round PNA is present on imaging, what are the two most likely etiologies?

A
  • Strep pneumoniae

- Staph aureus

38
Q

Under what conditions should a CXR be ordered for PNA (___ + (6))?

A

Fever + 1 of…

  • Tachypnea
  • Nasal flaring
  • Retractions
  • Grunting
  • Rales
  • Resp. distress
39
Q

If older patient, is a CXR necessary?

A

NO just treat OP

40
Q

Regardless of etiology, what treatment is recommended for PNA?

A

SUPPORTIVE CARE

- Avoid antitussives

41
Q

What type of PNA involves gradual onset, diffuse findings on auscultation, non-toxic?

A

Viral PNA

42
Q

What is the recommended treatment for typical bacterial PNA? Atypical bacterial PNA?

A
  • Typical: Amoxicillin

- Atypical: Macrolides

43
Q

What is the most common fatal autosomal recessive disease?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

44
Q

What is the mutation associated with Cystic Fibrosis?

A

CFTR gene

45
Q

What condition is associated with meconium ileus?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

46
Q

What is the recommended diagnostic test for Cystic Fibrosis? What other two tests can be used, and what is seen on each?

A

Sweat Chloride Test

  • CXR shows hyperinflation
  • PFTs show obstructive pattern
47
Q

What is the most common cause of Bronchiectasis?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

48
Q

What condition involves chronic cough with purulent sputum?

A

Bronchiectasis

49
Q

What 3 conditions involve obstructive PFTs?

A
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Asthma
50
Q

What condition shows “tram tracks” on CXR?

A

Bronchiectasis

51
Q

What condition shows “ring shadows” on CXR?

A

Bronchiectasis

52
Q

What is another name for Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)?

A

“Hyaline membrane disease”

53
Q

What condition involves immediately post-birth with difficulty breathing → resp. distress?

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

54
Q

What condition involves arterial blood gas shows hypoxemia?

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

55
Q

What condition involves CXR shows “ground-glass appearance”?

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

56
Q

What is the recommended treatment for Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)?

A

Dexamethasone

- ACS therapy (antenatal corticosteroid) given to mothers

57
Q

What is the pathophysiology triad associated with Asthma?

A
  • Chronic airway inflammation
  • Hyper-responsiveness
  • Reversible obstruction
58
Q

What condition involves triad of chronic airway inflammation + hyper-responsiveness + reversible obstruction?

A

Asthma

59
Q

What condition involves smooth muscle contracts = air trapped in alveoli?

A

Asthma ATTACK

60
Q

What condition involves diagnosis with Methacholine Challenge Test?

A

Asthma

61
Q

What condition is associated with the “Rule of Two’s”, and what does this mean (3)?

A

Asthma

Two meds if…

  • 2+ times/week
  • 2+ times/month at night
  • 2+ times/year refills
62
Q

What condition involves partial airway obstruction, often misdiagnosed as asthma bc also triggers?

A

Vocal Cord Dysfunction

63
Q

What is the recommended diagnostic test for Vocal Cord Dysfunction?

A

Laryngoscopy

64
Q

What condition involves snoring (3+ nights/week), gasping?

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

65
Q

What condition involves restless sleep, mouth breathing, ADHD-like issues?

A

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

66
Q

What are two risk factors associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?

A
  • Obesity

- Adenotonsillar hypertrophy

Peds II (12 decks)

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