Pediatric imaging Flashcards
____ is considered more harmful in children than in adults because of the greater radiosensitivity of developing tissues and potential for higher cumulative doses over the child’s lifetime
Ionizing radiation is considered more harmful in children than in adults because of the greater radiosensitivity of developing tissues and potential for higher cumulative doses over the child’s lifetime
Amniotic fluid is primarily a ___ of fetal blood across the permeable fetal skin before 8 to 10 weeks. Early fetal urine production begins around ____, such that by 20 weeks, sonography can detect the majority of urologic abnormalities
Amniotic fluid is primarily a dialysate of fetal blood across the permeable fetal skin before 8 to 10 weeks. Early fetal urine production begins around 10 to 12 weeks, such that by 20 weeks, sonography can detect the majority of urologic abnormalities
The features of a normal urinary tract include two kidneys, one on each side located in the renal fossa, with a renal cortex that is ____ to the liver, the presence of discrete interfaces between the cortex and the medulla, the absence/presence of cortical cysts, and the absence of masses or dilation of the collecting system or bladder
The features of a normal urinary tract include two kidneys, one on each side located in the renal fossa, with a renal cortex that is isoechoic or slightly hypoechoic to the liver, the presence of discrete interfaces between the cortex and the medulla, the absence of cortical cysts, and the absence of masses or dilation of the collecting system or bladder
In the setting of bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, a thickened bladder, and poor emptying, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) should be performed to rule out a _____
posterior urethral valve
A normal infant renal sonogram can be confused with mature hydronephrosis because of __ with a ___.
A normal infant renal sonogram can be confused with mature hydronephrosis because of hypoechoic renal pyramids with a distinct corticomedullary junction.
BILATERAL CYSTIC LESIONS should raise concern for ___ disease of which two types are seen: ___ and ___.
polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)
On sonography, calculi appear ___, not to be confused with peripelvic fat, which is ____. A ____ can also be seen when using color Doppler to distinguish calculi from other hyperechoic signals
On sonography, calculi appear echogenic with shadowing, not to be confused with peripelvic fat, which is echogenic without shadowing. A “twinkling” artifact can also be seen when using color Doppler to distinguish calculi from other hyperechoic signals
Grade 3 dilatation on SFU criteria
The Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) criteria as demonstrated in postnatal sonograms. Grade 0 shows no central renal dilation. In grade 1, the renal pelvis only is visible; in grade 2, major calices can be identified; in grade 3, major and minor calices can be identified; and grade 4 has features of grade 3 but with parenchymal thinning as well
___ is the initial means to evaluate any congenital anomaly of the upper urinary tract
Sonography is the initial means to evaluate any congenital anomaly of the upper urinary tract
UTZ FINDING of a thickened bladder and dilated posterior urethra known as the ___
this is is highly suggestive of a:
KEYHOLE SIGN
posterior urethral valve
Midline Pelvic Cysts. A differential diagnosis list that considers most possibilities would include: hydrometrocolpos (urogenital sinus anomalies), ovarian cyst, distended bladder, and urinary ascites. Hydrometrocolpos is distension of the uterus and vagina with ___, and results from ___ secondary to imperforate hymen, vaginal atresia, transverse vaginal septum, or from retrograde flow of urine in urogenital sinus and cloacal malformations
Midline Pelvic Cysts. A differential diagnosis list that considers most possibilities would include: hydrometrocolpos (urogenital sinus anomalies), ovarian cyst, distended bladder, and urinary ascites. Hydrometrocolpos is distension of the uterus and vagina with mucus or blood, and results from vaginal obstruction secondary to imperforate hymen, vaginal atresia, transverse vaginal septum, or from retrograde flow of urine in urogenital sinus and cloacal malformations
Classic bladder exstrophy can be identified prenatally when the ___, the lower abdominal wall is ___, and the umbilicus is ___ placed
Classic bladder exstrophy can be identified prenatally when the bladder is not visualized, the lower abdominal wall is irregular, and the umbilicus is inferiorly placed
Prune belly syndrome is suggested by observing hydronephrosis/hydroureter, a distended bladder, and the absence of ___ in a male fetus either prenatally or after birth
Prune belly syndrome is suggested by observing hydronephrosis/hydroureter, a distended bladder, and the absence of testes in the scrotum in a male fetus either prenatally or after birth
Surgical exploration should/should not be delayed if torsion is suspected and the delay to image will compromise salvageability. Because of reported falsenegative results using color Doppler sonography, investigators have used high-resolution sonography to image torsion of the spermatic cord itself known as the ____.
Surgical exploration should not be delayed if torsion is suspected and the delay to image will compromise salvageability. Because of reported falsenegative results using color Doppler sonography, investigators have used high-resolution sonography to image torsion of the spermatic cord itself known as the “whirlpool sign.
The most common prepubertal primary testicular tumor is ___ characterized by a heterogeneous mass with areas of solid, cystic, and ___ components
The most common prepubertal primary testicular tumor is benign teratoma characterized by a heterogeneous mass with areas of solid, cystic, and calcified components
VCUG findings: identify A- E
(A) A highly trabeculated bladder. (B)
A ureterocele within the bladder (left) and then everting (right). (C) A large bladder diverticulum and elongated posterior urethra in a child with posterior urethral valve. (D) An elongated posterior urethra secondary to a posterior urethral valve and bilateral grade 5 vesicoureteral reflux. (E) A short distal bulbar urethral stricture.
