Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pediatrics > Pediatric Cardiology > Flashcards

Pediatric Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What CHD category does ventricular septal defect belong to?

A

Increased pulmonary blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which CHD is this?

A

Atrial Septal Defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which CHD is this? Which CHD category does it belong to?

A

Ventricular septal defect. Increased pulmonary blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which CHD is this? Which CHD category does it belong to?

A

Atrioventricular Canal Defect. Increased pulmonary blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which CHD is this? Which CHD category does it belong to?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus. Which CHD category does it belong to?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which compensatory mechanisms would you expect from a child with increased pulmonary blood flow?
Hint: Increased pulmonary blood flow means that systemic blood flow has decreased.

A
  • Tachypnea —> SOB/Fatigue with feeding —> Weight loss + decreased growth/development
  • Tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The ______ ______ is a normal shunt present in the fetal cardiac structure. This opening allows ___________ blood to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs. The blood will instead pass directly from the _____ ______ to the _____ _____, then normal flow to the rest of the body.

A

Foramen ovale
Deoxygenated
Right atrium
Left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Defects involving the left and right sides of the heart will cause blood to shunt across the pressure gradient from _____ pressure (left) to ____ pressure (right). This will increase blood volume flowing through the _____ side of the heart. Subsequently, this means that a higher blood volume is being pushed through the pulmonary artery to the lungs.

A
  • High
  • Low
  • Right
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fatigue, RR/distress, and increased caloric expenditure/metabolic rate are concerns for infants with CHF. Because of this, they require special alterations for feedings. What are four of them?

A
  1. Position infant semi-upright during feeding
  2. Allow adequate time (30min +) for each feeding
  3. Gradually increase caloric density (high calorie, low volume) to compensate for energy expenditure.
  4. If distress/severe fatigue with feeding (RR > 80), switch to enteral feeding.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What defect causes a harsh, swishing/machine-like murmur?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): Explain the path of blood travel as a consequence of the patent shunt, beginning with blood return to the left atrium.

A
  • Left atrium from pulmonary veins (oxygenated)
  • LV
  • Aorta
  • Through PDA
  • To pulmonary artery. (Process is a continuous loop)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which side of the heart particularly will have an increased workload as a result of PDA- Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

Left side

Blood is essentially traveling in a continuous loop from the left side of the heart, to the aorta, through the PDA, and back through the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the best place to listen for the murmur associated with the PDA? Why?

A
  • Left sternal border under the left clavicle. (APETM)
  • Pulmonic valve location for heart tones. There is continuous flow of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery through the PDA. This creates a continuous sound throughout the entire cardiac cycle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PDA- If blood is continuously moving from the aorta through the PDA to the pulmonary artery, where is it NOT getting pushed to?

A

Systemic circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Widened pulse pressures might be an indication of which CHD? Why?

A

-PDA.
- Because of the increased pressure during systole, diastolic pressure decreases —> Higher than normal systolic/ Lower than normal diastolic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atrioventricular canal defect, AKA Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD). What two CHD’s is this technically a combination of?

A

ASD and VSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the flow of blood in the patient with atrioventricular septal defect, assuming complete.

A

Oxygenated blood returning to the left side of the heart inevitably flows to the lower pressure on the right side of the heart. So with LV contraction, blood is flowing both to the aorta and into the RV and pulmonary artery. Meaning that the blood recirculates and the LV has an increased workload.- It’s trying to meet the demand of the periphery for oxygenated blood AND is given the extra job of pumping to the pulmonary artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What might be present in AVSD upon assessment of the lungs? Why?

A
  • Pulmonary Edema
  • More blood being recirculated back to lungs (2-3x more than normal) and pulmonary HTN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

AVSD will present with similar manifestations as the other CHD’s in its class. With patho in mind, what specific presentation might you inspect and what would you assess?

A
  • Cyanosis.
  • Skin, fingernails, lips, oral mucosa, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Obstructive CHD’s are a class of disorders that involve some type of ___________ of a major _________, interfering with the ability of blood to flow freely through the ______.

A
  • Narrowing
  • Vessel
  • Vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Obstructive CHD’s cause increased _________ backing up toward the heart. This increases cardiac workload.

A

Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Afterload is the _______ that the ventricle must overcome to open the aortic valve and push past it.

A

-Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Preload is the amount that the ventricles stretch during diastole. How would you increase preload? How would you decrease it?

A
  • Fluid or blood product admin will increase preload (More volume = More stretching)
  • Vasodilator Would decrease venous return (So decrease in blood returning to the heart)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

__________ ______________ _____________ is the resistance in the circulatory system that is used to create blood pressure.
Vasoconstriction = Increased _________ __________.
Vasodilation = Decreased _________ _________.

A
  • Peripheral vascular resistance
  • Vascular resistance x2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
CHD’s that cause increased pulmonary blood flow include:
- Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) - Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) - Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) - Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)- AKA Canal Defect
26
Obstructive CHD’s include:
- Coarctation of the Aorta - Aortic Stenosis - Pulmonary Stenosis
27
CHD’s that cause decreased pulmonary blood flow include:
- Tetralogy of Fallot - Tricuspid Atresia
28
Mixed CHD’s include which defects?
- Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - Transposition of the great vessels - Truncus Arteriosus - Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
29
Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders are those that arise secondary to an underlying cardiovascular problem. They themselves are not congenital, per se. Which cardiovascular disorders fall in this category?
- Heart Failure - Rheumatic Fever - Cardiomyopathy - Infective Endocarditis - HLD - HTN - Kawasaki Disease
30
Which CHD is this? Which group does it fall into?
- Coarctation of the Aorta - Obstructive
31
Which CHD is this? What group does it belong to?
- Aortic Stenosis - Obstructive
32
Which CHD is this? What group does it belong to?
- Aortic Stenosis - Obstructive
33
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Pulmonic Stenosis - Obstructive
34
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Transposition of the Great Vessels - Mixed Defect
35
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Transposition of the Great Vessels - Mixed Defect
36
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection - Mixed
37
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection - Mixed
38
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Trunkus arteriosus - Mixed
39
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Hypoplastic left heart syndrome - Mixed
40
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Tetralogy of Fallot - Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
41
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Tetralogy of Fallot - Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow
42
Which CHD is this? Which group does it belong to?
- Tricuspid Atresia - Decreased pulmonary blood flow
43
Atresia means that a _______ did not _______ properly.
- Structure - Develop
44
Widened pulse pressures are associated with which CHD? Why?
Patent ductus arteriosus. Blood is constantly moving from the aorta, through the PDA, to the pulmonary artery. Pressure/workload is increased in the LV because of the constant recirculation of blood back to the left side of the heart. The right side has a drop in pressure. (Diastolic)
45
A murmur at the left sternal border would be associated with which CHD’s? Hint: Sound is transmitted in the direction of blood flow.
- PDA (Constant blood flow through PDA and pulmonary artery) - VSD (Backflow of blood from LV to RV to Pulmonary artery)
46
What will knee to chest technique achieve for the child experiencing a hypercyanotic episode secondary to Tetrology of Fallot?
- Promotes diversion of blood to the pulmonary artery - Decreases the return of desaturated venous blood from the legs
47
Main two issues with ASD?
- Increased blood flow to right side of heart --> RVH - Increased flow to lungs --> CHF, Pulmonary HTN, lung infx, arrhythmia
48
Symptoms noted with VSD?
- Tiring easily - Cyanosis with feedings - Holosystolic murmur along left sternal border (Heard the whole cardiac cycle)
49
Transposition of the great vessels. You literally swapped the positioning of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. So where is each one originating? (Hint: Where are the valves sitting?)
- Aorta (RV instead of LV) -PA (LV instead of RV)
50
Significant cyanosis, cyanosis when feeding, and no murmur is indicative of what disorder?
Transposition of the great vessels
51
When is transposition MAINLY/IDEALLY identified?
En utero
52
What medication is the lifeline of an infant with transposition of the great vessels until surgery can be performed? Why?
Prostaglandins. It will open the PDA and allow for mixing of blood so you can improve some oxygenation.
53
If the valve placement of the aorta and PA are flopped in Transposition, and each is now carrying the opposite type of blood, what's the BIGGEST issue?
The aorta is receiving deoxygenated blood from the RV and pumping it back out to the body.
54
Kawasaki disease is?
Inflammatory response of unknown origin. Possibly caused by infx. Coronary arteries become inflamed, as well as systemic vasculitis
55
Major symptoms of Kawasaki include?
- Recurrent, refractory fever - Cracked lips and strawberry tongue -Diffuse, erythematous rash -Indurated, edematous palms and feet - Desquamation (peeling) of perineum, fingers, toes, palms, soles of feet -^ And super pissed off because of all of that god awful shit
56
What is Acute Rheumatic Fever? (ARF)
Caused by antibody response to strep.
57
Symptoms of ARF?
- Joint pain - (Chorea) Jerking movements of the face and upper extremities - ** Can use NSAIDS since it's not viral infx if cultures of throat/ab testing confirms strep
58
Infective endocarditis symptoms?
- Unexplained Fever -flu-like symptoms, hemorrhagic lesions on palms and soles - Osler nodules (tender nodules on the pads of the toes or fingers)
59
Expected assessment findings of Endocarditis?
Microscopic hematuria on urinalysis Prolonged PR interval Adventitious lung sounds Petechiae on palpebral conjunctiva
60
Kawasaki management focuses on reducing __________ in the walls of the coronary arteries and preventing thrombosis. Therefore, intially, _________ is given in four divided doses daily along with IgG.
- inflammation - high-dose ASA
61
Endocarditis management?
Abx or antifungal treatment infusion x4 weeks- PICC
62
IgG and ASA
63
Cyanosis, a high-pitched click after S2, systolic ejection murmur at the left sternal border might indicate?
Aortic Stenosis
64
Mixed CHDS mix _____-__________ blood with ______-________ blood. As a result, systemic circulation contains a lower oxygen content.
well-oxygenated blood poorly-oxygenated blood
65
Overriding aorta- The aortic valve is so enlarged that it looks like it arises from both the ____ and _____
LV and RV
66
In tricuspid atresia, a decreased pulmonary blood flow CHD, the tricuspid did not form. So what backasswards way does the blood get from the RA to the RV?
Flows through ASD to the LA and mixes with oxygenated blood there, then LV and aorta. Never goes to pulmonary artery directly. Instead, it flows through a PDA after it's pushed to the aorta.
67
In Tetrology of Fallot, surgery usually occurs before _______
1 year
68
Bulging anterior fontanelle, irritability, poor feeding, and high pitch cry are manifestations of?
Meningitis
69
Why would RBC’s be high (polycythemia) in a patient with Tetrology of Fallot?
Because of the decreased pulmonary blood flow and cyanosis associated with this CHD, the body tries to compensate by creating more RBC’s. This would help supply oxygen to more tissues

Pediatrics (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions