Pectoral Region and Breast

Question 1

What are the 3 section sof the sternum?

Answer 1

the manubrium

the body

the xiphoid process

Question 2

What joins the manubrium tot he body of the sternum?

What joins the body to the xiphid process?

What kinds of joints are these?

Answer 2

the sternal angle = manubriosternal joint

at the 2nd rib!

the body is joined to the xiphoid by the xiphisternal joint

both are fibrous joints

Question 3

What forms the costal margin?

Answer 3

It’s the inferior surface of the rib cage and it’s formed by the cartilginous components of ribs 7-10

Question 4

THe head of the humerus articulates with the scapula in the what?

Answer 4

glenoid fossa

Question 5

What subscapular fossa is occupied by which muscle?

Answer 5

the subscapularis muscle, which is one of the rotator cuff muscles

Question 6

What three muscles attach to the coracoid process?

Answer 6

the pectoralis minor

the coracobrachialis

short head of the biceps brachii

Question 7

What does the supraglenoid tuberce serve as the attachment sit for?

What does the infraglenoic tubercle serve as the attachment site for?

Answer 7

the long head of the biceps brachii.

the long head of the triceps brachii

Question 8

What’ type of joint was originally at the anatomical neck of the humerus?

Answer 8

an epiphyseal growth plate

Question 9

The greater tubercle of the humerus serves as the site of attachment for which 3 muscles?

What about the lesser tubercle?

Answer 9

the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles of the roator cuff

the lesser tubercle is the attachment site for the subscapular muscle of the rotator cuff

Question 10

What does the intertubercular groove hold?

Answer 10

the tendon of the lon ghead of the bicep brachii that was attached proxoimally to the supraglenoid tubercle.

Question 11

THe nipple lies approximately over what intercostal space?

Answer 11

the 4th intercostal space

Question 12

What spinal nerve supplies the nipple?

Answer 12

T4

Question 13

What glands does the aerola contain?

Answer 13

areolar gland,s which are sebaceous glands

Question 14

The mamary glands extend from where to where?

Answer 14

from the body of the sternum to the axilla, with the portion of the gland extending to the xilla forming the axillary tail

Question 15

A supernumerary nipple would be along what line?

Answer 15

the milk line

Question 16

Where does the mammary gland sit in the breast? What does it consist of?

Answer 16

It is located in the superficial fascia and consists of 15 to 20 lobes separated by dense connective tissue.

Question 17

What is the secretory component of the mammary gland?

Answer 17

alveoli - which make up the lobules within the lobes

Question 18

What connects the alveoli secretory units to the nipples?

Answer 18

the lactiferous ducts

Question 19

What does the dense connective tissue in the breast form?

Answer 19

the suspensory ligaments of Cooper that attach tot he deep layer of the superficial fascia

Question 20

Where will milk be held just prior to emulsion?

Answer 20

the lactiferous sinses - just prior to the nipple

Question 21

How does breast tissue change in pregnancy?

Answer 21

Pre-pregnancy, the tissue has lots of fat tissue and several lobules surrounded by loose connective tissue. Secretory units are not present.

During pregnancy, the lobules are now composed primarily of secretory units. There is very little fatty tissue left.

Question 22

What three major arteries derive the blood supply of the breast?

Answer 22

lateral thoracic artery (off of the axillary)

the intercostal ateries

internal thoracic artery (off the subclavian)

Question 23

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the breast.

Answer 23

1. much of the drainage form the deeper ragion flows to the areolar area first - to the subareaolar plexus of lymphatic vessels and then drains to pectoral axillary nodes
2. from medial side = parasternal nodes on the ipsilateral side (but can also cross over to the contralteral parasternal nodes and other breast)
3. Lower parts = flows to the subdiaphragmatic abdonimal nodes
4. superiorly = lymph flows to the apical axillary nodes

Question 24

What four quadrants do we divide the breast into?

Answer 24

the superior lateral

superior medial

inferior lateral

inferior medial

Question 25

What vein starts in the hand and passes rostrally on the lateral side of the forearm and arm?

Answer 25

the cephalic vein

Question 26

What 2 muscles does the cephalic vein pass through over the superior lateral arm?

What area does it pass thorugh to connect to the axillary vein?

Answer 26

It will pass between the deltoid and pectoralis major

it then passes through the deltopectoral triangle to connect with the axillary vein

Question 27

Where does the deltoid muscle take origin? Where does it attach?

Answer 27

origin from the spine of the scapula, acromiona nd lateral 3rd of the clavicle

attaches to the deltoid tubercle on the lateral side of the humerus

Question 28

Where does the pectoralis major take origin? Where does it insert?

Answer 28

It takes origin from the medial two thirds of the clavicle, the sternum, and the anterior surface of the ribs

inserts on the humerus lateral to the intertubular sulcus

Question 29

What is the pectoralis major innervated by?

Answer 29

the medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Question 30

What artery is usually in close association with the cephalic vein and originates from the underlying axillary artery? It is located just medial to the pectorali minor.

Answer 30

the thoracoacromial artery - it comes off the axillary at the thoracoacromial trunk.

Question 31

What pectoral nerve innervates both the major and minor pectoralis?

What pectoral nerve only innervates the major?

Answer 31

the medial innervates both

the lateral innervates the major only

Question 32

Where is the lateral pectoral nerve found? WHere does it originate from?

Answer 32

It’s found just medially to the pectoralis minor muscle

it originates from the lateral cord of the brachial nerve plexus

Question 33

Where is the medial pectoral nerve located?

Answer 33

It pierces through the pectoralis minor muscle and continues to the pectoralis major

it originals in the medial cord of the brachial nerve plexus

Question 34

What fascia encircles the pectoralis minor?

Answer 34

the clavipoectoral fascia - which extends from the clavicle to the axillary fascia

Question 35

the lower part of the clavipectoral fascia is referred to as what?

Answer 35

the suspensory ligament

Question 36

What defines the three anatomic parts of the axillary artery?

Answer 36

the pectoralis minor insertion to the coracoid process.

Question 37

What 2 major blood vessels branch off from the 2nd portion fo the axillary artery?

Answer 37

the thoracoacromial artery and the lateral thoracic artery

Question 38

What three ligaments support the sternoclavicular joint?

Answer 38

anterior sternoclavicular ligament

posterior sternoclavicular ligament

interclavicular ligament

Question 39

What makes the sternoclavicular joint unique?

Answer 39

an articular disc divides the joint into two cavities