Joints, Bursae, and Synovium

Question 1

WHat is an articulation?

Answer 1

where two or more bones come together forming a joint

Question 2

What is Hilton’s Law in regards to innervation of joints?

Answer 2

nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the adjacent skin. Basically, nerves that course close to a joint supply the joint.

Question 3

What do nerves provide for a joint?

Answer 3

proprioception (ability to send info to the CNS about joint movement and position)

also pain

Question 4

WHat are the two big classifications of joints?

Answer 4

synarthrosis (together joints)

and

Diarthroses /Synovial joints (moveable joints)

Question 5

What are the 3 main types of synarthrosis joints?

Answer 5

1. syndesmosis
2. synchroncrosis
3. synostosis

Question 6

What is a syndesmosis and give 2 examples?

Answer 6

fibrous joint

in the cranial sutues and the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna

Question 7

WHat is a synchrondrosis and give 3 examples?

Answer 7

a cartilaginous joint

epiphyseal plate, which is the growht plate present in children - contains hyaline cartilage

Intervertebral disc - fibrocartilage found between vertebrae

symphysis - fibrocartilage found between 2 pubic bones

Question 8

What is a synostosis? Give 2 examples.

Answer 8

a joint where 2 bones are joined by bone. THey may have been syncohrdroses during development.

frontal bones

mature epiphyseal plates

Question 9

what type of synarthrosis is between a tooth and the alveolar bone above?

Answer 9

gomphosis

Question 10

What is the difference between a primary and secondary synchrondrosis?

Answer 10

the primary cartilginous joint is temporary - like the epiphyseal plate with hyaline cartilage

a secondary cartilaginous joint is permanent - like the fibrocartilage in the interbertebral discs

Question 11

What are 5 features of diarthroses (moveable joints)?

Answer 11

1. synovial space
2. synovial fluid
3. fibrous capsule
4. synovial membrane or sac
5. articular surface of hyaline cartilage

Question 12

What are the 6 types of diarthrodial joints?

Answer 12

1. plane joints
2. hinge joints
3. saddle joints
4. condyloid joints
5. ball and socket joints
6. pivot joints

Question 13

WHat is a bursa?

Answer 13

fluid (synovial)-filled sacs that separate certain muscles, tendons, skin, and fascia from bones. A bursa may connect directly to a synovial cavity of a joint.

Question 14

What is a plane joint?

Answer 14

Plane joints - permit gliding or sliding movements, e.g., the zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)

Question 15

What is a hinge joint?

Answer 15

Hinge joints - permit flexion and extension only e.g., humeroulnar joint at the elbow

Question 16

What is a saddle joint?

Answer 16

Saddle joints - biaxial joints e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Question 17

What is a condyloid (ellipsoid) joint?

Answer 17

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints - biaxial joints which allow movement in two directions, sagittal and coronal e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 18

What is a ball and socket joint?

Answer 18

Ball and socket joints - multiaxial articulations e.g., hip joint, shoulder

Question 19

What is a pivot joint?

Answer 19

Pivot joints - permit rotation around a longitudinal axis e.g., proximal radioulnar joint

Question 20

What does a bursa consist of?

Answer 20

a close sac or serous membrane with synovial fluid within the sac or cavity

Question 21

what are synovial tendon sheaths? WHat are their layers/

Answer 21

Synovial tendon sheaths (serous membranes) consist of an inner layer that is attached to the tendon and is called the visceral layer, and an outer layer that is called the parietal layer. Synovial fluid found within the sac or cavity.