pearson textbook glossary Flashcards
abiotic factor
physical or chemical factor affecting an ecosystem e.g. light intensity or temperature
accommodation
changes taking place in the eye which allow it to focus on objects at different distances
acid rain
rain with a pH less than 5.5, caused by pollutant gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
active transport
movement of molecules or ions against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration.
adaptation
feature of an organism that suits its structure to function
active site
area on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate attaches and products are formed.
amylase
enzyme that digests starch into maltose
anaerobic respiration
reaction that releases energy from food, without using oxygen. produces lactate in mammals, carbon dioxide and ethanol in yeast.
anther
part of the stamen where pollen grains are produced
antibody
protein produced by lymphocytes that binds with foreign antigens as part of the immune response
anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to a codon on the mRNA
anus
outlet of the gut where faeces is expelled from the body.
antigen
chemical ‘marker’ on the surface of a cell that identifies the cell as ‘self’ or ‘non-self’
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hormone released from the pituitary gland. controls the water content of the blood by increasing reabsporbsion of water from the collecting ducts of the kidney into the blood.
arteriole
small artery
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
chemical present in all cells which act as energy “currency” ATP is made by respiration and used up by any process that needs a supply of energy.
adrenaline
hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. stimulates several organs in the “fight or flight” response.
adrenal glands
pair of endocrine glands situated above the kidneys. secretes adrenaline.
agar
jelly like substance used as a culture medium for growing microorganisms.
aerobic respiration
Reaction that releases energy from food. Uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.
algae
photosynthesis protoctists. mostly unicellular, some multicellular forms (seaweeds)
algal bloom
rapid increase in numbers of algal cells in an aquatic habitat. often caused by eutrophication.
alleles
different forms of a gene
amino acid
one of about 20 different molecules that form the building blocks of proteins.
alveoli (singular = alveolus)
microscopic air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
amnion
membrane enclosing the embryo during pregnancy.
amniotic fluid
fluid secreted by the amnion that protects the embryo by acting as a shock absorber.
axon
long extention of a neuron that carries nerve impulses in a diection away from the cell body.
bacteria (singular = bacterium)
small single-celled organisms with no necleus
auxin
plant hormone involved with tropisms and other growth responses
atria (singular = atrium)
two upper chambers of the heart where blood enters the heart from the vena cava (right atrium) and the pulmonary vein (left atrium)
assimilation
manufacture of new substances in cells using the products of digestion.
asexual reproduction
reproduction that does not involve fusion of gametes. new organisms are produced by part of an organism seperating from a single parent.
artificial insemination (AI)
method of selective breeding, where semen is used to make an animal pregnant without sexual intercourse e.g using semen from prize bulls to inseminate cows.
artery (plural =arteries)
blood vessel with a thick muscular wall and a narrow lumen, carrying blood away from the heart.
carnivore
animal that feeds on other animals
cell
basic structural unit of living organisms
bladder
mucular bag that stores urine before its removal from the body
carbohydrase
enzyme that digests carbohydrates
biotic factor
biological factor affecting an ecosystem e.g food supply, predation
bowmans capsule
structure consisiting of a hollown cup of cells at the start of a kidney tubule, the site of ultrafiltration
blind spot
area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, contains no light-sensitive cells , so an image can not be detected.
centeral nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
chlorophyll
green pigment present in chloroplasts, which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis
chitin
substance that makes up the cell wall of fungi and the outside skeleton muscles.
cellulose
polysaccharide of glucose that forms plant cell walls
clone
groups of cells, or organisms, that are genetically identical
consumer
organism that eats other organisms
coronary arteries
small arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle
cornea
transparent ‘window’ at the front of the eye that allows light to enter . also (along with the lens) refracts the light as it enters the eye.
carbon monoxide
toxic gas present in car exhast fumes and cigarette smoke
carbohydrate
organic compound composed of one or more sugar molecules
carcinogen
something that causes cancer e.g. a chemical or radiation
cardiac cycle
sequence of events taking place in the heart during one heartbeat
bile duct
tube carrying bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum
biomass
total mass of organisms, e.g in an ecosystem
coronary heart disease (CHD)
disease caused by a blockage of the coronary arteries due to a build uo of fatty material. it can cut off the blood supply to the heart and result in a heart attack.
cervix
‘the neck’ of the uterus
colon
first part of large intestine, where water is absorbed from the waste material in the gut
chloroplasts
organelle found in some plant cells, the site of the reactions of photosynthesis
cholesterol
lipid substance present in the blood and linked to coronart heart disease.
balanced diet
diet containing all of the nessecary food types and in the correct amounts and proportions to keep the body healthy
bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria, used as a vector in genetic engineering
cell wall
non-living layer outside the cell membrane of certain types of cell. made of cellulose (plants and algae), chitin (fungi) or peptidoglycan (bacteria)
cell membrane
thin surface layer around the cytoplasm of a cell. forms a partially permeable barrier between the cell contents and the outside of the cell.
catalyst
chemical that increases the rate of reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.
cartilage
tough tissue present in several places in the body, such as rings in the trachea and between the bones at a joint
cardiac muscle
specialised muscle making up the heart wall, able to contract rythmically without fatiguing,
cardiac centre
region in the medulla of the brain that controls heart rate
carboxyhaemoglobin
substance formed when carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin, displacing oxygen from the haemoglobin
bronchial tree
branching network of air passages in the lungs
bronchioles
small air passages leading from the bronchi to the alveoli
bronchitis
lung disease caused by irritation of the bronchial tree and infection from bacteria,resulting in breathing difficulties
capillary
microscopic blood vessel that carries blood through organs and allows exchange of substances between the blood and the cells of the organ
capsule (of bacteria)
slime layer covering some bacterial cells, protects the bacterium and stops it drying out
bronchi (singular = bronchus)
tubes leading from the trachea to the lungs
biotechnology
use of microorganisms to make useful products
companion cell
specialised cell lying next to a sieve tube in the phoelm and controlling its activities
coronary veins
small veins carrying blood away from the heart muscle
corpus luteum
remains of an ovarian follicle after ovulation. secretes progesterone.
cotyledons
seed leaves. may act as food store in seed.
cross-pollination
transfer of pollen from an anther of one plant to a stigma of a different plant of the same species.
cuticle
thin layer of waxy material covering the epidermis cells of a plant.
dendrites
fine extentions of the dendrons of a neuron
decomposer
organism that feeds by breaking down the dead remains of other organisms e.g. some bacteria and fungi
denaturing
prosess where the structure of a protein is damaged by high temperatures (becomes denatured) If the protein is an enzyme, it will no longer catalyse its reaction
cutting
method of producing new plants by taking a piece of a shoot and planting it in compost. an example of asexual reproduction.
cytoplasm
jelly like material that makes up most of the cell
decomposition
breakdown of the dead remains of other organisms, helping to recycle nutrients
cortex (of kidney)
outer part of the kidney, containing kidney tubules and blood vessels
cone (cell)
cell in the retina of the eye that is sensitive to different wavelengths of light and results in colour vision
controlled variables
variables in an experiment other than the indipendent variable, which are kept constant by the person carrying out the experiment so that they do not affect the results.
control
part of an experiment which is set up to show that other variables are not having an effect on the outcome of the experiment
choroid
dark layer of tissue below the sclera of the eye. contains blood vessels and pigment cells.
chromosome
thread like structure found in the nucleus of a cell, made of DNA and protien. contains the genetic information (genes)
ciliary muscle
ring of muscle around the lens of an eye that alters the shape of the lens during accommodation
chromatid
one of two thread like strands of a replicated chromosome. each chromatid contains an exact copy of the double helix of DNA. chromatids become visible at the start of mitosis and meiosis.
community
all organisms of all species found in a particular area at a certain time
cilia (singular = cilium)
microscopic hair like projections from the surface of some animal cells, such as those lining the trachea and bronchi. beating of cilia moves mucus and trapped particles towards the mouth.
codon
triplet of bases on the mRNA molecule. different triplets code for different amino acids in a protein.
coleoptile
protective sheath covering the first leaves of a cereal seedling. used in tropism experiments.
collecting duct
last part of a kidney tubule, where water is reabsorbed before the final urine is produced.
codominance
pattern of inheritance where neither allele of a gene is dominant over the other so that both alleles are expressed in the phenotype
beri-beri
a cluster of symptoms caused primarily by thiamine (vitamin B1) dificiency.
bioaccumulation
build up of pollutants such as insecticides in the fatty tissues of an organism
biomagnification
increase in concentration of biooccumulated substances along a food chain
biological control
use of another organism to control the numbers of a pest species
base (in DNA)
one of the four nitrogen-containing groups in the DNA molecule, called adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. bases form complementary pairs linking the chains of the double helix.
biscuspid valve
valve in the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle. prevents backflow of blood when the ventricle contracts.
bile
green liquid made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. causes lipids in the gut to form an emulsion, increasing their surface area for easier digestion by enzymes
biodiversity
the amount of variation shown by organisms in an ecosystem. biodiversity is a measure of both numbers and abundance of each species
ejaculation
release of semen during sexual intercourse
ecosystem
community of living organisms together with their non-living environment
effector
organ that brings about a response (a musle or gland)
eukaryotic
cells that have a nucleus (the cells of all living organisms except bacteria)
erythrocyte
red blood cell
herbivore
animal that feeds on plants
embryo
multicellular structure formed by division of a zygote
endocrine gland
gland secreting a hormone into the blood stream
enzyme
protein that acts as a biological catalyst
dermis
middle layer of the skin containing many sensory receptors
diabetes
disease where the blood glucose concentration cannot be properly controlled. caused by a lack of insulin.
fibrin
protein in blood plasma that forms insoluble fibres during blood clotting
gall bladder
organ that stores bile from the liver
gametes
female and male sex cells, formed by meiosis
habitat
place where an organism lives
hepatic portal vein
blood vessel transporting the products of digestion from the ileum to the liver
guard cells
pair of specialised cells surrounding a stoma in the epidermis of a leaf, they change shape to open or close the stoma
glycerol
molecule that, along with fatty acids, is a component of lipids
glucose
monosaccharide sugar, the main ‘fuel’ for respiration
fructose
monosaccharide sugar found in fruits
fertilisation
fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
epidermis (in the skin)
outer layer of the skin, consisiting of dead cells
epidermis (in plants)
outer layer of cells of a leaf or other non woody parts of a plant
emphysema
lung disease where the walls of the alveoli break down and fuse together again, forming air spaces with a reduced surface area. results in breathing difficulties.
dicot (dicotyledonous plant)
plant with two seed leaves
grey matter
tissue in the middle of the spinal cord and outer part of the brain. consists of mainly nerve cell bodies.
homeostasis
maintaining constant conditions in the body. maintaining a constant internal enviroment.
glomerulus
ball of capillaries surrounded by the bowmans capsule at the start of the kidney tubule
glucagon
hormone released by the pancreas. action of glucagon causes an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood
glomerular filtrate
fluid that passes through the bowmans capsule at the start of a kidney tubule
fibrinogen
protein in blood plasma that forms insouble fibres of fibrin during blood clotting
eutrophication
process where an aquatic habitat recieves large amount of minerals, either naturally or as a result of pollution by sewage or fertilisers
nicotine
addictive drug present in tobacco and cigarette smoke
optic nerve
nerve carrying impulses from the retina of the eye to the brain
organelle
part of the cell with a particular function e.g. nucleus
lymphocyte
type of white blood cells that produces antibodies
neurone
nerve cell
organ system
collection of different organs working together
oviduct
tube leading from the ovary to the uterus, also known as the fallopian tube
ovum (plural = ova)
female gamete
kwashiorkor
disease caused by starvation, resulting in body protiens being metabolised
menstrual cycle
monthly cycle of events preparing a womans uterus for the possible implantation of a fertilised egg. controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland.
renal vein
blood vessel that takes blood away from a kidney
renal artery
blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney
unicellular
composed of a single cell
multicellular
composed of many cells
lipase
enzyme that digests lipids
producer
organism that makes its own food
predator
animal that kills and eats other animals
primary consumer
organism that feeds on producers
sexual intercourse
insertation of the penis into the vagina, followed by the release of semen
ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
style
part of the carpel of a flower. stalk connecting the stigma to the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows
trophic levels
different feeding levels in a food chain
sex chromosomes
pair of chromosomes that detemine sex in humans. XX in females, XY in males
teritary consumer
organism that feeds on secondary consumers
stimulus
change in the surroundings of an organism that produces a response
tissue
collection of similar cells working together to perfrom a function
duodenum
first part of the small intestine following the stomach
hair erector muscle
muscle attached to the base of each hair in the skin. the muscle contracts to pull the hair upright
nitrifying bacteria
bacterua in the nitrogen cycle that oxidise ammonia to nitrite and then nitrite to nitrate
oestrogen
female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries. controls the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and the repair of the uterine lining during the menstural cycle