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biology > reproduction and inheritance (topic 3) > Flashcards

reproduction and inheritance (topic 3) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fertilisation

A

invloves the fusion of male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo

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2
Q

insect pollinated petals

A

large and bright to attract insects

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3
Q

wind pollinated petals

A

small and dull - usally green or brown

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4
Q

insect pollinated nectar

A

scented with nectar to attract insects

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5
Q

wind pollinated nectar

A

no scent or nectar

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6
Q

wind pollinated pollen grains

A

smooth, light so they can easily be carried by the wind and in large amounts to ensure some reach other flowers.

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7
Q

insect pollinated pollen grains

A

sticky and in moderate amounts

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8
Q

insect pollinated anthers

A

inside flower, stiff and attached so that insects can brush past

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9
Q

insect pollinated stigma

A

inside flower, sticky so pollen grains stick to it when an insect brushes past

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10
Q

wind pollinated stigma

A

outside flower, feather so forms network to catch pollen grains drifting in the wind

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11
Q

wind pollinated anthers

A

outside flower, loose on long filaments so that pollen can be released easily

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12
Q

ovule

A

female gamete in plants

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13
Q

pollen grains

A

male gamete in plans

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14
Q

embryo

A

young root and shoot, becomes the adult plant

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15
Q

food store

A

starch for the plant to use until its able to carry out photosynthesis

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16
Q

seed coat

A

a protective covering

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17
Q

how long does the menstural cycle last?
on what day is the egg released?

A

lasts 28 days, egg is released on day 14 (ovulation)

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18
Q

oestrogen

A

Causes thickening of the uterus in preperation for inplantation of an egg. Levels peak on day 10 and then begin to fall.

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19
Q

progesterone

A

Maintains thick lining of uterus. Inhibits release of LH and FSH. The egg matures on day 14 and progesterone starts increasing after this until it reaches its peak 3 days later. If eggs not fertilised progesterone levels fall and the uterus lining breaks down in a period lasting for around 5 days.

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20
Q

Secondary sexual characterises
Female - oestrogen

A
  • breast development
  • widening of hips
  • menstural cycle begins
  • body hair growth
  • height increase
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21
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics
Males - testosterone

A
  • voice lowering/breaking
  • production of sperm
  • growth of facial/body hair
  • muscle development
  • growth of penis/testes
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22
Q

amniotic fluid

A

liquid contained in a bag (amnion) in the uterus that surrounds the foetus. It protects the foetus and cushions any rough movement. When labour begins the amnion breaks and the fluid comes out - often known as a womens ‘water breaking’

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23
Q

gamete

A

An organisms reproductive cell (egg in females, sperm in males) which has half the number of chromosomes (23)

24
Q

genome

A

The entire dna of an organism

25
Q

chromosome

A

Structure found in the necleus which is made up of a long strand of DNA.

26
Q

genetic variation

A

difference in DNA sequences of indivduals within the same species

27
Q

mutations

A

rare, random change in genetic material that can be inerhited

28
Q

enviromental variation

A

caused by differences in lifestyle, diet, climate etc, which could lead to organisms adapting.

29
Q

genetic variation

A

eye colour, blood type etc, as these phenotypes are dependent on inheriting alleles from parents.

30
Q

give an example of genetic and environment variation interaction

A

height, a child may have potential to grow tall due to genetics but if their malnourished then they may not grow as much

31
Q

random fertilisation

A

increaeses genetic variation

32
Q

sperm duct
male

A

sperm passes through this

33
Q

sex gland
male

A

produces semen that contains sperm cells

34
Q

testis
male

A

contained in scrotum (bag of skin) and produces sperm and testosterone

35
Q

penis
male

A

passes urine and semen out of the body

36
Q

urethra
male

A

tube inside penise to carry urine/semen, a ring of muscle inside stops the two mixing.

37
Q

ovary

A

contains ova (female gametes) which develop when FSH is released

38
Q

vagina

A

muscular tube that leads to the inside of the body

39
Q

uterus

A

has a thick lining so that fertilised eggs can be implanted

40
Q

cervix

A

ring of muscle at lower end of uterus to ensure foetus remains in place during pregnancy

41
Q

oviduct

A

connects ovary to the uterus and is lined with ciliated cells that push the ovum towards the uterus for fertilisation

42
Q

gene

A

A short section of DNA that codes for a protein, and therefore contribute to a characteristic. Some characterists are controlled by a single genem such as fur colour in mice and red-green colour blindness in humans. However, most characteristics are the result of many different genes interacting.

43
Q

allele/varient

A

The different forms of the gene - humans have two alleles for each gene as they inherit one from each parent.

44
Q

dominant allele

A

Only one (out of the two alleles) is needed for it to be expressed and for the corresponding phenotype to be observed

45
Q

recessive allele

A

Two copies are needed for it to be expressed and for the corresponding the phenotype to be observed.

46
Q

homozygous

A

when both inherited alleles are the same (i.e. two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles)

47
Q

heterozygous

A

when one of the inherited alleles is dominant and the other is recessive.

48
Q

genotype

A

the combination of alleles an individual has

49
Q

phenotype

A

the physical characteristics that are observed in the individual e.g eye colour, phenotypic features are the result of polygenic (multiple genes) inheritance rather than single genes.

50
Q

codominance

A

when neither allele is dominant over the other, so both contribute to the phenotype

51
Q

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

A

causes maturation of the egg within the ovary

52
Q

LH (luteinising hormone)

A

stimulates the release of the egg during ovulation

53
Q

placenta

A

Allows diffusion of glucose, oxygen and amino acids from the mothers blood to the developing foetus for growth.

54
Q

germination

A

the process in which seeds begin to develop into a new young plant

55
Q

DNA stands for…

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

biology (7 decks)

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