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Test/Exam Revision > P.E. - Chapter 1 Revision > Flashcards

P.E. - Chapter 1 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head than another part.

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet than another part.

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3
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body.

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body.

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline.

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline.

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7
Q

Proximal

A

A body part closer to its attachment point.

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8
Q

Distal

A

A body part further away from the point of attachment than another.

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9
Q

Superficial

A

A body part closer to the surface of the body than another.

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10
Q

Deep

A

A body part that is internal or further from the surface of the body than another.

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11
Q

Palmar

A

The palm side of the hand.

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12
Q

Plantar

A

The sole side of the foot.

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13
Q

How many bones are in the cervical vertebrae?

A

Seven (neck)

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14
Q

How many bones are there in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Twelve (chest)

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15
Q

How many bones are in the lumber vertebrae?

A

Five (lower back)

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16
Q

How many bones are in the sacrum?

A

5 (fused)

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17
Q

How many bones are in the coccyx?

A

Four (fused)

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18
Q

Fixed or Fibrous Joint

A

No movement. Eg-Cranium.

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19
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Slight movement. Eg-Lumber Vertebrae.

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20
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Free Movement. Eg-Knee Joint.

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21
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Back and forth rotational movement only. Eg-Neck.

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22
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Flat bones glide side by side, back and forth movement. Eg-Carpals and Tarsals.

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23
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Rounded bone, in a cup-shaped cavity. Eg-Shoulder.

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24
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Back and forth movement. Eg-Elbow.

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25
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Concave and convex bone surface align. Eg-Thumb Joint.

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26
Q

Condyloid

A

Back and forth movement and allows slight rotation.

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26
Q

Flexion

A

The angle between articulating bone is decreased. Muscles responsible for flexion are called flexors.

27
Q

Extension

A

The angle of the joint is increased. Muscles responsible for extension are called extensors.

28
Q

Abduction

A

The movement of a body from the midline.

29
Q

Adduction

A

This is the movement of a body part towards the midline of the body.

30
Q

Rotation

A

When a bone turns on its own axis within a joint. Rotation towards the body’s midline is known as medial rotation, away from the body’s midline is known as lateral rotation.

31
Q

Circumduction

A

When a limb moves in a circular fashion.

32
Q

Pronation

A

When the forearm is rotated and the palm of your hand faces down wards.

33
Q

Supination

A

When the forearm is rotated, turning from hand palm down to palm up.

34
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointed downwards and the heel is raised.

35
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointing towards the tibia and generally higher the heel.

36
Q

Inversion

A

Occurs when the sole of the foot is turned inwards towards the midline.

37
Q

Eversion

A

Occurs when the sole of the foot is turned outwards from the midline.

38
Q

Ligament

A

A soft tissue that connects bone to bone.

39
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone.

40
Q

Agonist

A

Primarily used for movement

41
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle that relaxes as the agonist contracts.

42
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When muscles work in teams.

43
Q

Stabilisers

A

Muscles that stabilise bone.

44
Q

Isometric

A

Contraction where there is no change in length.

45
Q

Myofibrils

A

Part of the muscle fibre encasing actin and myosin filaments.

46
Q

Sarcomere

A

A basic unit of a muscle which causes it to contract.

47
Q

Myosin

A

A thick protein filament found in a sarcomere responsible for muscle contraction.

48
Q

Actin

A

Thin protein found in a sarcomere responsible for muscle contraction.

49
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular structures containing enzymes. Responsible for the production of energy.

50
Q

I-Band

A

The area of myofibril containing actin.

51
Q

A-Band

A

Found in the centre of the sarcomere containing both actin and myosin filaments.

52
Q

H-Zone

A

Centre of the A-Band which is free from myosin cross bridges.

53
Q

Nerve cell

A

Contains a cell body, dendrites and an axon.

54
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Nerve cells that send messages to the brain

55
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Nerve cells that send messages away from the brain.

56
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

The theory of how muscles contract involves the myofilaments sliding across each other - the actin slides over the myosin.

57
Q

Cross-bridges

A

Helps muscles to attach to others.

58
Q

Muscle Contraction - In resting

A
  • there are few or no electrical impulses reaching the muscles
  • there are Ca2+ions within sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • ATP is stored, not broken down
59
Q

Muscle contraction - During contraction

A
  • nerve impulses travel along axons to axon end plate
  • acetylcholine travels across the synaptic cleft to myofibril
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+
  • myosin cross-bridges attach to actin
  • ATP is broken down and energy is released
  • actin is pulled and slides over myosin and the muscle contracts
60
Q

Muscle contraction - On relaxation

A
  • the nerve impulses stop
  • Ca2+ions are taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • myosin cross bridges are broken down
  • the muscle relaxes
61
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Occurs when the muscle length changes through motion

62
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Little to no change in muscle length.

63
Q

Isokinetic contraction

A

Maximal tension is developed throughout the entire rage of motion.

64
Q

Slow Twitch

A

Red fibres

65
Q

Fast Twitch

A

White Fibres

66
Q

Factors affecting muscle strength

A
  • fibre arrangement
  • muscle fibre recruitment
  • muscle fibre type
  • speed of contraction
  • gender differences
  • age differences

Test/Exam Revision (11 decks)

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