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Test/Exam Revision > P.E. - Chapter 1 Revision > Flashcards

P.E. - Chapter 1 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head than another part.

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2
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet than another part.

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3
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body.

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4
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body.

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5
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline.

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6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline.

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7
Q

Proximal

A

A body part closer to its attachment point.

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8
Q

Distal

A

A body part further away from the point of attachment than another.

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9
Q

Superficial

A

A body part closer to the surface of the body than another.

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10
Q

Deep

A

A body part that is internal or further from the surface of the body than another.

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11
Q

Palmar

A

The palm side of the hand.

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12
Q

Plantar

A

The sole side of the foot.

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13
Q

How many bones are in the cervical vertebrae?

A

Seven (neck)

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14
Q

How many bones are there in the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Twelve (chest)

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15
Q

How many bones are in the lumber vertebrae?

A

Five (lower back)

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16
Q

How many bones are in the sacrum?

A

5 (fused)

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17
Q

How many bones are in the coccyx?

A

Four (fused)

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18
Q

Fixed or Fibrous Joint

A

No movement. Eg-Cranium.

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19
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Slight movement. Eg-Lumber Vertebrae.

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20
Q

Synovial Joint

A

Free Movement. Eg-Knee Joint.

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21
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Back and forth rotational movement only. Eg-Neck.

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22
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Flat bones glide side by side, back and forth movement. Eg-Carpals and Tarsals.

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23
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

Rounded bone, in a cup-shaped cavity. Eg-Shoulder.

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24
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Back and forth movement. Eg-Elbow.

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25
Saddle Joint
Concave and convex bone surface align. Eg-Thumb Joint.
26
Condyloid
Back and forth movement and allows slight rotation.
26
Flexion
The angle between articulating bone is decreased. Muscles responsible for flexion are called flexors.
27
Extension
The angle of the joint is increased. Muscles responsible for extension are called extensors.
28
Abduction
The movement of a body from the midline.
29
Adduction
This is the movement of a body part towards the midline of the body.
30
Rotation
When a bone turns on its own axis within a joint. Rotation towards the body's midline is known as medial rotation, away from the body's midline is known as lateral rotation.
31
Circumduction
When a limb moves in a circular fashion.
32
Pronation
When the forearm is rotated and the palm of your hand faces down wards.
33
Supination
When the forearm is rotated, turning from hand palm down to palm up.
34
Plantarflexion
Occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointed downwards and the heel is raised.
35
Dorsiflexion
Occurs at the ankle when the toes are pointing towards the tibia and generally higher the heel.
36
Inversion
Occurs when the sole of the foot is turned inwards towards the midline.
37
Eversion
Occurs when the sole of the foot is turned outwards from the midline.
38
Ligament
A soft tissue that connects bone to bone.
39
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone.
40
Agonist
Primarily used for movement
41
Antagonist
The muscle that relaxes as the agonist contracts.
42
Reciprocal inhibition
When muscles work in teams.
43
Stabilisers
Muscles that stabilise bone.
44
Isometric
Contraction where there is no change in length.
45
Myofibrils
Part of the muscle fibre encasing actin and myosin filaments.
46
Sarcomere
A basic unit of a muscle which causes it to contract.
47
Myosin
A thick protein filament found in a sarcomere responsible for muscle contraction.
48
Actin
Thin protein found in a sarcomere responsible for muscle contraction.
49
Mitochondria
Cellular structures containing enzymes. Responsible for the production of energy.
50
I-Band
The area of myofibril containing actin.
51
A-Band
Found in the centre of the sarcomere containing both actin and myosin filaments.
52
H-Zone
Centre of the A-Band which is free from myosin cross bridges.
53
Nerve cell
Contains a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
54
Sensory Neurons
Nerve cells that send messages to the brain
55
Motor Neuron
Nerve cells that send messages away from the brain.
56
Sliding Filament Theory
The theory of how muscles contract involves the myofilaments sliding across each other - the actin slides over the myosin.
57
Cross-bridges
Helps muscles to attach to others.
58
Muscle Contraction - In resting
- there are few or no electrical impulses reaching the muscles - there are Ca2+ions within sarcoplasmic reticulum - ATP is stored, not broken down
59
Muscle contraction - During contraction
- nerve impulses travel along axons to axon end plate - acetylcholine travels across the synaptic cleft to myofibril - sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ - myosin cross-bridges attach to actin - ATP is broken down and energy is released - actin is pulled and slides over myosin and the muscle contracts
60
Muscle contraction - On relaxation
- the nerve impulses stop - Ca2+ions are taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum - myosin cross bridges are broken down - the muscle relaxes
61
Isotonic contraction
Occurs when the muscle length changes through motion
62
Isometric contraction
Little to no change in muscle length.
63
Isokinetic contraction
Maximal tension is developed throughout the entire rage of motion.
64
Slow Twitch
Red fibres
65
Fast Twitch
White Fibres
66
Factors affecting muscle strength
- fibre arrangement - muscle fibre recruitment - muscle fibre type - speed of contraction - gender differences - age differences

Test/Exam Revision (11 decks)

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