Health - Exam Revision Flashcards
What is a limitation of the health definition?
This is a broad definition, and although it moves beyond disease or infirmity, it does not give everyone the opportunity to be healthy.
Define mortality
Refers to deaths in a population
Define morbidity
Refers to ill health in an individual or levels of ill health in a population
Define burden of disease
A measure of the impact of disease and injuries; more specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation in which we all live to an old age free of disease or injury. Measured in DALYs.
Define DALY
Disability Adjusted Life Years is a measure of burden of disease, and one daly equals one year lost to premature death or years spent living with a disease or injury.
Define YLL and YLD
YLL- Years of life lost, a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
YLD- Years Lost due to Disability, a measure of how many ‘healthy’ years of life are lost due to injury, disease, or disability.
Define individual human development
The series of orderly, predictable changes that occur from conception until death. Development can be physical, intellectual, emotional or social.
Define hormones
A chemical messenger that results in changes in the body.
Puberty
Biological changes that occur during youth to prepare an individual for sexual reproduction.
Define primary sex characteristics
Body parts that are directly involved in reproduction and form ‘genitals’ and other reproductive organs.
Define health status
The overall level of health in a population
Define fine motor skills
The manipulation and coordination of small muscle groups
Define protective factor
Something in a person’s life that limits the potential for harm
Define secondary sex characteristics
Body changes that are not directly involved in sexual reproduction but indicate sexual maturity.
Define gross motor skills
The manipulation and coordination of large muscle groups
Define life expectancy
An indication of how long a person can be expected to live if death rates remain unchanged.
Define physical health and give an example
Physical- Refers to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness.
Eg. Growth, complexity
Define Mental health and give an example
A state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his/her own abilities, can cope well with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his/her community.
Eg. Confidence, self-esteem levels
Define Social health and give an example
Being able to interact with others and participate in the community, both independently or cooperatively.
Eg. Quality of relationship with peers or family
Identify two nutrients and state their function
Carbohydrates- Used as fuel for energy, provides 16kj per gram
Fats- Fuel for energy, provides 37kj per gram
Protein- Used to build, maintain and repair body cells, as well as fuel for energy.
Iron- Essential for blood volume, makes up the ‘haem’ part of haemoglobin
Vitamin C- Essential in producing collagen
Vitamin D- Essential in absorbing calcium through the intestine and into the bloodstream
Calcium- Used for the strengthening of bones and other hard tissues
Define all four determinants of health
Biological- Factors relating to the body that influence health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and birth weight.
Behavioural- The actions or patterns of an individual or group that can affect health.
Physical environment- The physical surroundings in which we work, live and play.
Social environment- aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences, social networks and support
Explain the difference between incidence and prevalence
Prevalence refers to the proportion of cases of a certain condition or disease in a population at a certain time, whereas incidence refers to the rate of new cases of a condition present in a population at a given period.
Define Medicare
Australia’s universal health care scheme. It gives Australian citizens and permanent residents access to health care that is subsidised by the government.
What are some health services available to youth?
- A doctor who bulks bills
- Getting treatment as a public patient in a public hospital
- Tests and examinations by doctors
- X-Rays and pathology tests
Explain two rights and responsibilities or patients
The right to privacy- Information about an individual must be kept confidential. If a doctor deems a patient under 18 responsible, then the parents do not have to be notified.
Right to a second opinion- Regardless of the illness, all patients have the right to another opinion or to be dealt with by a different worker without fear of victimisation.
Right to refuse treatment- A person can usually refuse treatment. However, in extreme cases, if someone has a dangerous mental illness, they may be held in a psychiatric hospital against their will.
Provide a description of illicit substance use?
- Illicit substance use refers to the use of illegal drugs, or when legal drugs are used in an illegal manner.
- This often occurs during youth, as adolescents are experimenting with themselves and their identities.
- This can happen regardless of parental influence
- The misuse of drugs will almost always lead to a variety of negative short and long term effects.
What is the incidence and prevalence of illicit substance use?
Incidence: just over 7.3 million people aged 14+ had tried an illicit drug in the last twelve months
Prevalence: over 20% of adolescents from 14-19 had tried cannabis and nearly 5% had tried ecstasy
Changes in incidence and prevalence
- From 1993 to 2010, cannabis use has generally been reduced to 10%
- Ecstasy use has become more abundant, starting at 1% in 1993, and rising to 3% in 2010
How can illicit drug use affect the three dimensions of health?
Physical- Drug users are more likely to participate in violent and perilous behaviour that can result in injury, stunting development.
Social- Consistent use of drugs can lead to strains in family relationships and friendships, can cause social isolation
Mental- Continuous use of drugs could lead to a loss of identity, which could further influence the development of a mental illness such as schizophrenia
Explain impacts that illicit drug use can have on two PIES.
Physical- Whilst high users take part in more risky behaviour, may end up injured, hindering development of motor skills
Intellectual- Drug use often links with poor academic performance, as the individual may become uninterested in school/work, and may drop out of school or quit their job.
Emotional- Through use of drugs, individual may feel more confident whilst high. However, when not high, they may feel worthless and depressed, encouraging the use of drugs.
Social- Drug users may enter new social circles as their family/friend relationships may be broken, who also influence the individual to take drugs.
Explain how two determinants can act as risk or protective factors for illicit substance use
Behavioural- During youth, adolescents may take drugs for a variety of reasons, usually to experiment with their identity, or to provide a temporary ‘escape’ from their life.
Biological- If the individual’s parents have a history of drugs, their genetic influences may make it more likely for their children to take illicit substances.
Physical environment- The environment in which youths live in and attend school in can heavily impact the use of drugs, such as the quality of their neighbourhood and the people who live there.
Social environment- The social circles of youths can encourage them to take drugs, as they may feel pressured to by their friends. If a youth suffers from cohesion, they may also ignore parents’ warnings.
Provide an explanation of a government, community, or personal strategy used to help those suffering from illicit substance use.
Government- there are a number of telephone services run by government organisations, such as Kids Helpline, which is a telephone service open 24 hours a day and provides counselling.
Community- There are also community run telephone programs such as Directline, which also provides information and counselling services.
Personal- There are a number of support programs aimed at the parents of youth suffering substance abuse, which aims to increase communication, reduce anxiety, and assist someone going through an issue like this.
Describe a food selection model
- The healthy eating pyramid was developed by nutrition Australia, a non government organisation
- represents food from the basic food groups and arranges them into three levels, indicating the proportion of different types of food that should be consumed.
- food is broken up into three layers, of what we should eat, should eat moderately, and what we should eat in small amounts
- it also advertises physical exercise, water intake, and the reduced intake of salt.
Define health (WHO 1946)
Health is a state of complete physical physical, social, and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
