PCOS LEC - SKINCARE Flashcards
is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system.
Skin
One of the skin’s primary physiological functions is to act as the body’s first line of
defense against _______
Exogenous agents
the skin should not be viewed as a flawless ____________
physicochemical barrier
Many ________ compounds are capable of penetrating this barrier
low–molecular weight
most cosmetics are applied to the ___________
highly permeable facial skin
majority of reported cosmetic reactions occur in the ___
face
This is a nonspecific term used to describe any inflammatory skin disease resulting from contact with an irritant or allergenic substance
CONTACT DERMATITIS
Whatever the causative agent, the clinical features are similar: itching, redness, and skin lesions
CONTACT DERMATITIS
It is a term given to a complex group of localized inflammatory reactions that follow nonimmunological damage to the skin.
IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS (IRRITATION)
The inflammation may be the result of an acute toxic (usually chemical) insult to the skin, or of repeated and cumulative damage from weaker irritants (chemical
or physical).
IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS (IRRITATION)
There is no definite laboratory test for _______ diagnosis is by clinical morphology, of course, and appropriate negative patch-test results.
IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS (IRRITATION)
is the result of a single overwhelming exposure toastrongirritant or a series of brief physical or chemical contacts, leadingtoacuteinflammation of the skin.
ACUTE ICD
The resultant clinical appearance is that of erythema, edema, pain, andsometimes vesiculation at the site of contact, usually associatedwithburning or stinging sensations.
Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
_______ or chronic ICD develops as aresult of
a series of repeated and damaging insults to the skin. The insults maybechemical or physical.
Cumulative Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Some chemicals produce acute irritation in a delayed manner sothat thesigns and symptoms of acute irritant dermatitis appear 12 to 24hoursormore after the original insult.
Delayed Acute Irritant Contact Dermatitis
occurs when a substance comes into contact with skin that has undergone an acquired specific alteration in its reactivity as a result of prior exposure of the skin to the substance eliciting the dermatitis.
ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS
The skin response of _____ is delayed, immunologically mediated (TypeIV), andconsists of varying degrees of erythema, edema, papules, and papulovesicles.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
_______ is the gold standard; it is imperative for proving ACD, determining the actual allergen, predictive testing, i.e., determining ‘‘safe’’ materials for the consumer, and exclusion of other diagnoses.
Patch testing
It is a chemically induced nonimmunological skin irritation requiring light. This reaction will occur in all individuals exposed to the chemical–light combination
PHOTOIRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS
the clinical picture is that of erythema, edema, or vesiculation in sun-exposed areas, resembling an exaggerated sunburn. This may be followed by hyperpigmentation, or if the exposure is repeated, scaling and lichenification may occur
C. PHOTOIRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS
a component of bergamot oil, which used to be a popular ingredient
in perfume, is a potent photoirritant that causes berloque dermatitis
Bergapten
It is an immunological response to a substance that requires the presence of
light.
PHOTOALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS
PHOTOALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS
The substance in the skin absorbs photons and is converted to a stable or unstable photoproduct, which binds to skin proteins to form an antigen, which then elicits a delayed _______
hypersensitivity response
Examples of photoallergens present in cosmetics and perfume are:
musk ambrette and 6-methylcoumarin
_______ is the diagnostic procedure for photoallergy
Photopatch testing
It represents a heterogeneous group of inflammatory reactions that appear, usually within a few minutes to an hour, after contact with the eliciting substance
CONTACT URTICARIA SYNDROME
Clinically, erythematous wheal-and-flare reactions are seen, and sensationsof
burning, stinging, or itching are experienced. These are transient, usuallydisappearing within a few hours. In its more severe forms, generalizedurticariaor extracutaneous
CONTACT URTICARIA SYNDROME
Diagnosis may be achieved by a variety of skin tests—the ______ is the simplest of these and is the ‘‘first-line’’ test.
Open test
CUS may be divided into two categories on the basis of pathophysiological
mechanisms:
nonimmunological and immunological
There are also ______ that act by an uncertain mechanism
urticariogens
is the most common class of CUS. The reaction usually remains localized
Nonimmunological Contact Urticaria
Examples of cosmetic substances known to produce NICU are _______
preservatives (e.g., benzoic acid and sorbic acid) and fragrances(e.g., cinnamic aldehyde)
These are immediate (Type I) allergic reactions in people who have previously been sensitized to the causative agent
Immunological Contact Urticaria
is IgE mediated and is more common in atopic individuals. Foodsubstances are common causes of ____
Immunological Contact Urticaria
This refers to the capacity of some agents to cause acne or aggravate existing acne lesions
ACNEGENICITY
ACNEGENICITY may be subdivided to include
comedogenicity and pustulogenicity
This is the capability of an agent to cause hyper keratinous impactions in the sebaceous follicle, or the formation of microcomedones, usually in relatively short period of time
Comedogenicity
This refers to the capability of an agent to cause inflammatory papules and pustules, usually in a relatively short period of time
Pustulogenicity
Factors Contributing to Contact Allergic Reactions to a Cosmetic Product
Frequency of Use
Composition
Concentration of Ingredients
Purity of Ingredients
The Common Use of Cosmetic Ingredients in Pharmaceuticals
Cross-Sensitivity
Penetration-Enhancing Substances
Application Site
Condition of the Skin
Contact Time
