PCOS LAB (4-6) Flashcards
is the outer covering of the body and is the
largest organ of the
integumentary system.
SKIN
found on the palms and
soles of the feet, lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands but has a very thick epidermis and encapsulated sense
organs in the dermis.
Glabrous skin
hair follicles and
sebaceous glands are both present, but there are no encapsulated sensory
organs.
Hairy skin
has large sebaceous glands associated with fine vellus hairs, contrasting sharply with the scalp, which contains large hair follicles.
Facial Skin
Functions of the Skin (5)
- Protection
- Vitamin D production
- Sensation
- Excretion
- Body temperature regulation
an auricular structure, made up of many layers of cells.
epidermis
The special structure of the epidermis is
classified as ________ and is typical of vertebrate animals.
stratified squamous epithelium
It is responsible for producing the main barrier known as the horny layer or stratum corneum,
Epidermis
forms the outermost part of the
epidermis.
Horny layer or Stratum corneum
The horny layer is made up of water-resistant
dead cells, called ______ , which are
segmented together with a complex lipid material.
corneocytes
Lower living layers of the Epidermis (3)
-germinative or basal layer;
-stratum spinosum or prickle cell layer
-stratum granulosum or granular layer
Germinative Layer
Basal Layer
stratum spinosum
prickle cell layer
stratum granulosum
granular layer
characterized by the presence of distinctive keratohyalin granules
stratum granulosum or granular layer
functions as a supporting frame to the
epidermis, supplying it with nutrients via the blood
capillaries_ It also supports the sensory nervous
system, secretory glands and hair follicles.
Dermis
Unlike the epidermis, which is a cellular structure, the underlying dermis consists of ________
connective tissue
forms the major constituent of the fibrous protein which gives the skin its tensile strength.
Collagen
The dermal ___ substance consists of salt, water and glycosaminoglycans.
Ground substance
Ground Substance | The latter form complexes with protein molecules known as _____
proteoglycans
The _______, which are the second major cell type in the dermis, can be found close to the small blood vessels.
Mast cells
Composition of Dermis (5)
- Collagen and elastin
- Ground substance
- Mast cells.
- Sweat glands
- Sensory skin receptors
Below the epidermis is a layer of fatty or adipose tissue called the
Hypodermis
The cells in this layer (Hypodermis) synthesize and store fat as an energy reserve. This is to help insulate the body from low
external temperatures and to act as a
____ against trauma.
Buffer
On a more familiar note, the
______ provides the body with its
contours, whether they are attractive
curves or unwelcome bulges_
Hypodermis
are complex mixtures of chemical agents
specially designed to make the
external layers of the skin softer
and more liable.
Moisturizers or emollients
Moisturizers or emollients increase the skin’s hydration (water content) by reducing
_______
evaporation
Part of the composition of commercial skin
moisturizers. (5)
Naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols,
as well as artificial or natural oils,
humectants,
emollients,
lubricants,
usually are available as
commercial products for cosmetic and therapeutic uses, but can
also be made at home using common pharmacy ingredients.
Skin Lotion
are liquid suspensions or dispersions intended for external application; some consist of finely powdered, insoluble solids held in more or less permanent suspension by suspending agents or surface-active agents, or both; others are oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surface-active agents
Skin Lotion
Types of Skin (5)
- Normal Skin
- Dry Skin
- Oily skin
- Aging Skin
- Sensitive Skin
can be used to prevent the skin from becoming too dry or oily, such as with light, non-greasy water-based ____.
Moisturizers
Such moisturizers often contain lightweight oils, such as _____
cetyl alcohol, or silicone-derived ingredients
Eg- cyclomethicone.
For treating skin dryness, the
most appropriate moisturizers are ________ that contain ingredients such as antioxidants, grape seed oil or dimethicone.
heavier, oil-based moisturizers
For very dry, cracked skin,
____________ are preferable, as they are more
lasting than creams and are more effective in preventing water
evaporation.
petrolatum-based products
For oily skin, ____________ that are specifically non-comedogenic are preferable, as
there is less risk of comedone
formation.
water-based moisturizers
- Appropriate moisturizers to keep aging skin soft and well hydrated are _________ that contain petrolatum as the base, along with antioxidants or
alpha hydroxy acids against wrinkles
oil-based
On sensitive skin (which otherwise is susceptible to skin irritations, redness, itching or rashes), it is preferable to use moisturizers which contain _______ ingredients such as chamomile or aloe, and that minimize potential allergens such as fragrances or dyes, as well as irritants such as acids.
soothing
Factors influencing the
lotion physical parameter (4)
- EMULSIFIER
- DISPERSED PHASE
- DISPERSION MEDIUM
- PHASE VOLUME RATIO
INGREDIENTS OF MOISTURIZERS (3)
Humectant
Emollient
Occlusives
An ingredient in skin or hair products that draws moisture from the air to moisturize the skin and also promotes the retention of moisture in the skin
Humectant
Examples of Humectant (6)
- Glycerine
- Propylene glycol
- Sorbitol
- Urea
- Lactic acid
- Hyaluronic Acid
-Supple, waxlike, lubricating, thickening
agents that prevent water loss and have a softening and soothing effect on the skin,
- A skin conditioning agent which helps maintain the
smooth, soft pliable appearance of the skin. - Usually a grease or an oil that softens the skin and protects it from dryness.
Emollient
Examples of Emollient (6)
- Sunflower seed oil
- Olive oil
- Allantoin
- Cocoa butter
- Myristyl Myristate
- Mineral oil
- substances that hold strongly to the surface of the skin, preventing access to the air and increasing absorption of cosmetic
treatments. - Usually refers to an ____ shield or film that is spread onto the skin to slow or prevent moisture evaporation.
Occlusives
Occlusives (4)
Petrolatum
Lanolin
Candililla wax
Dimethicone
is necessary to blend a water
phase and oil phase into an emulsion, but consider the potential effect of the
degree of ____on the product viscosity.
MIXING
A ________ of energy must be used to
evenly mix the two phases and other
additives.
MINIMUM
A _______ amount of mixing
energy, however, can decrease the
the particle size of the dispersed phase and
hence affecting the emulsion viscosity.
HIGH
is generally less of a problem in
cosmetic processing because the product or
phase is usually fluid at elevated
temperatures
Heating
is more commonly a problem with
cosmetic emulsion because it generally
increases product viscosity. ______ has a
more important relationship to final product viscosity because of its effect on
crystallite size and dispersion.
Cooling
In a typical operation, a finished lotion is
cooled to room temperature in a compounding
vessel, and then pumped through a filter to a
storage tank where it is held for filling.
The viscosity of lotion will be reduced by
this step. Then the product may be pumped to
the filling line. The product usually has a
chance to build a network of bonds. A portion
of these bonds, if broken, are sometimes
permanently destroyed.
SHEARING
________or the reduction of particles
to a small and uniform size and their even
distribution in a medium, is related to
shearing in that frequently used to create
the particle breakdown.
HOMOGENIZING
The cosmetic industry usually resorts to
for dispersing solids and
insoluble liquids in a liquid phase and
reducing the dispersed particles to a minimum size.
HOMOGENIZATION
Soft, smooth skin, with healthy appearance
Normal (Eudermic) Skin
Fine texture, flaky, and/or have poor elasticity
Dry Skin
Wrinkles and saggy skin
Aging skin
Shiny with enlarged pores
Oily skin
Broken capillaries, fine textured, dry skin
Sensitive Skin
Excessively oily w/ blemishes
Blemish Skin
Body Wash Criteria (4):
- must exhibit good cleaning properties,
- must exhibit good lathering characteristics,
- must be mild to the skin (not cause drying or irritation) and
- preferably should even provide a conditioning benefit to the skin.
_____ is a cleanser
used since antiquity, and it
remains a popular cleanser
despite much negative
press and the introduction
of syndets.
Soap
SYN + DET
Synthetic Detergents
Body wash compositions that attempt to provide skin-conditioning benefits are known. Many of these compositions are aqueous systems comprising emulsified conditioning oil or other similar materials in combination with a lathering ___________
Surfactant
For patients who prefer a bar form,
_____ cleansing bars provide good
cleansing and are usually well-
tolerated. Those who prefer a liquid
cleanser form can benefit from
using one of the newer body wash
technologies, such as a product that
will deposit petrolatum on the skin during use
SYNDET
______also presents a cleansing
challenge. The skin undergoes many
changes with age, some of which can
impact the response to personal cleansing
products
Aged skin
Cleanser choice can impact the elderly in a
a number of ways. The natural decrease in
_________ lipids and increased
dryness can predispose aged skin to the
drying effects of cleansers.
stratum corneum
the body wash can be separated by a
separation means (6):
— centrifugation
— ultracentrifugation
— pipetting
— filtering
— washing
— dilution
Lather volume of a mild body wash composition,
a surfactant component or a structured domain
of a mild body wash composition, is measured using a ________
graduated cylinder and rotating apparatus
The _______ is used
to determine the percent of a structured
domain or an opaque structured
domain that is present in a mild body
wash composition that comprises a
Surfactant component.
Ultracentrifugation Method
has a firmer, gel like consistency,
Shower gel
____ is more like liquid soap.
Body Wash
Body Wash and Shower Gel differ slightly in ______
concentration
Negative aspects of bar soap (3)
— The potential to spread bacteria by using
the same bar of soap.
—A higher pH level which can dry out skin
faster.
— Can be hard to keep track of and hold when
standing in the shower.
is the new kind on the block
when it comes to soap, and with scores
of brands and fragrances and names, it
is as popular as ever. _____ comes
in convenient containers that you can
hang off your shower head or some
other part of your shower.
Body wash
is one of the cons of using body
wash over bar soap. It’s easy to lose
sight of just how much body wash you’re
dispensing onto your wash cloth, and
much of the time the excess winds up
down the drain.
Waste
______ like body wash also come
with a higher price tag than bar soap
most of the time.
Liquid Soaps
Chemical Content | Some of the
ones to watch for include:
Triclosan
Parabens
BHA
Top 6 ingredients To Avoid Body Wash
SLES, SLS, Propylene Glycol, Cocamidopropyl betaine, Triclosan, DMDM hydantoin
Body Wash Ingredients (7)
- Coconut Oil —
- Honey -
- Liquid Castile Soap —
- Vitamin E —
- Eucalyptus Oil —
- Sweet Orange Oil —
- Lemon or Grapefruit Oil —
Top 6 Ing to Avoid | (very common
foaming agent) skin irritant.
Sodium Laureth Sulfate aka SLES
Top 6 Ing to Avoid | (very common
foaming agent)
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate aka SLS
Top 6 Ing to Avoid | (foaming agent)
Cocamidopropyl betaine
Top 6 Ing to Avoid | (antifreeze)
Glycol
Top 6 Ing to Avoid |(antibacterial and antifungal agent)
Triclosan
Top 6 Ing to Avoid | (antimicrobial)
DMDM hydantoin
the sticky substance formed by the attachment of
bacteria coating that adheres to the
pellicle
Plaque
is a thin acellular, glycoprotein.
Pellicle
Plaque, when not removed within 24 hours, forms a substance called ________
calculus or tartar.
Plaque calcifies when _______ precipitates from the saliva.
calcium salt
The Formation of _______ is attributed to the action of acids obtained from the oral bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates.
Caries (tooth decay)
The build-up of plaque on the
tooth surface usually aids the decay process
by forming _______ on the teeth
surface.
pockets or crevices
Brushing removes material from the tooth before it hardens into
Calculus
APPROACH TO CARIES PREVENTION (2)
Flossing
Brushing
Products that enhance the removal of stains and plaque by the toothbrush.
Dentrifices
Non-sterile aqueous solution.
Mouthwash / Mouth spray
a product sprayed into the mouth for the purpose of temporarily eliminating or at least covering up bad breath
Breath Spray
Masking effect of Breath Spray (hours)
4-6 hours
Active Ingredients for Breath Spray (110)
-Calcium hydroxide
-Magnesium hydroxide
-Copper gluconate
Components of Mouthwash (8)
-Antibacterial agents
-Alcohol
-Humectants
-Surfactants
-Flavoring agents
-Coloring agents
-Fluorides
-Sweetening agents
Antibacterial | %
Cetyl Polyvinyl Chloride (CPC) -
Chlorhexidine -
Triclosan -
Saline -
Cetyl Polyvinyl Chloride (CPC) - 0.05%
Chlorhexidine - 0.12%
Triclosan - 0.03%
Saline - 0.9%
Present in the range of 10-20%
-enhances the flavour, provides sharpness to
the taste, aids in masking.
-unpleasant taste of active ingredients, functions as a solubilizing agent for some flavoring agents.
Alcohols
Breath Spray | Alcohols act as a “____”
co-solvent
*Glycerin & sorbitol
*5% to 20% of the mouthwash.
*these agents increases the viscosity of the
preparation & enhances the sweetness of the product.
Humectants
They aid in the solublization of flavors & in
the removal of debris by providing foaming
action. Poloxamer 407 & 338, Polysorbate 80.
Surfactants
Can be carried out against suitabl oral micro-organisms in a suitable liquid media or agar media against a control and determining their effectiveness against the growth.
In-vitro antiseptic activity
Done by collecting representative bacterial samples, before and after the use of mouthwash, and culturing and counting colonies on agar plate.
In-vivo antiseptic activity
Using chemical analysis. surlace tension effects. Level - Gas chromatograph. Fair-wells osmoscope etc.
Deodorizing effect
Accelerated stability study.
Stability Study
effect on dental caries, cleaning, astringent, oral soft tissues.
Other special test - Clinical trials
