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Renal system > PBL questions > Flashcards

PBL questions Flashcards

1
Q

male urinary system

A

shares common pathway with reproductive system

urethra passes through penis and is 10-15cm long

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2
Q

what does the male urethra pass through?

A

prostate
internal and external sphincters
urogenital diaphragm
cowper’s gland

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3
Q

female urinary system

A

doesn’t share common pathway with reproductive system - only close proximity
urethra only functions to excrete urine and is 3-4cm long
higher risk of UTIs due to proximity to vagina and anus

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4
Q

female urethra

A

extends from neck of bladder, internal and external sphincters and urogenital diaphragm

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5
Q

shape of the bladder

A

when full oval-shaped

when empty it is flattened by the bowel

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6
Q

parts of the bladder

A 
apex
body
fundus
neck 
trigone
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7
Q

what is the trigone?

A

smooth walled area that marks the entry of ureters and exit of urethra

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8
Q

origin of trigone

A

mesonephric ducts

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9
Q

muscle of the bladder

A

detrusor muscle - specialised smooth muscle

fibres run in multiple directions

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10
Q

innervations of the bladder

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

muscular sphincters

A

2 - internal and external urethral sphincters

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12
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

differs in males and females

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13
Q

male internal urethral sphincter

A

consists of circular smooth fibres under autonomic control

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14
Q

female urethral sphincter

A

formed by the anatomy of the bladder neck and proximal urethra
no sphincteric muscle present

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15
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

same structure in both sexes
skeletal muscle under voluntary control
however, more complex in males

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16
Q

arterial blood supply to bladder

A

derived from internal iliac vessels
superior vesical branch
obturator and inferior gluteal arteries may contribute small branches

17
Q

arterial supply to female bladder

A

superior vesical branch is supplemented by vaginal arteries

18
Q

arterial supply to male bladder

A

superior vesical branch is supplemented by inferior vesical artery

19
Q

venous drainage of bladder

A

vesical venous plexus

drains into internal iliac veins

20
Q

nervous supply of bladder

A

autonomic and somatic

21
Q

autonomic supply to bladder

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

22
Q

sympathetic innervation of bladder

A

hypogastric nerve

23
Q

hypogastric nerve root

A

T12-L2

24
Q

what does the hypogastric nerve do?

A

relax the detrusor muscle

promotes urine retention

25
Q

parasympathetic innervation of bladder

A

pelvic nerve

26
Q

pelvic nerve root

A

S2-4

27
Q

what does the pelvic nerve do?

A

causes contraction of detrusor muscle and stimulates micturition

28
Q

somatic innervation to bladder

A

pudendal nerve

29
Q

pudendal nerve root

A

S2-4

30
Q

sensory nerves to bladder

A

report to brain from bladder wall to signal when the bladder is full

31
Q

bladder stretch reflex

A

micturition is stimulated in response to stretch of the bladder wall

32
Q

how does the bladder stretch reflex work?

A

bladder fills with urine
walls stretch
sensory nerves detect stretch and transmit to spinal cord
interneurons relay signal to parasympathetic efferent nerves - pelvic nerve
contracts the detrusor muscle
stimulates micturition

33
Q

when does the bladder reflex occur?

A

only functional in childhood

34
Q

what are the normal parameters for urine output?

A

1L/ day

ranges from 800-2000ml/ day with 2L fluid intake / day

35
Q

what happens in a routine health check?

A

helps to tell you if you are at a higher risk of getting certain serious health problems

36
Q

what health problems does the routine health check focus on?

A 
heart disease
diabetes
kidney disease
stroke
dementia (if over 65)
37
Q

when is the routine health check carried out?

A

every 5 years for those between 40 and 74

38
Q

what is involved in the routine health check?

A 
full medical history
questions about lifestyle
family history
measure height and weight
BP
blood test
receive personalised advice
medications for BP and cholesterol prescribed if necessary
lifestyle advice
39
Q

common renal system diseases

A 
acute and chronic kidney failure/ disease
congenital malformations - PKD
UTIs 
urinary retention 
bladder incontinence

Renal system (17 decks)

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