Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal system > Assorted Electrolytes > Flashcards

Assorted Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main electrolytes?

A 
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
PO42-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

homeostasis

A

requires the maintenance of water, pH and electrolytes within a narrow range to be conducive to life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

1/3 reduction in K+

A

paralysis

unable to generate APs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1/2 Ca2+

A

tetanic skeletal muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

main calcium ion location

A

extracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

main magnesium ion location

A

intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

main phosphate ion location

A

intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Na+

A

determinant in controlling ECF volume and water distribution
kidneys are major route of excretion
changes affect BP and intracellular fluid composition and volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Na+ in kidney

A

freely filtered in glomerulus

reabsorbed in PCT, LoH and DCT so less than 1% is excreted in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

homeostasis of plasma Na+

A

ADH secretion due to increased blood osmolality
reduced BP triggers ANP production and RAAS and ADH secretion
act on kidney to promote water and sodium rabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hyponatraemia

A

<135mmol/L

serum osmolality important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

isotonic and hypertonic hyponatraemia

A

possible alterations in other plasma components impacting Na+ concentration
high or normal serum osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

low serum osmolality

A

hypotonic hyponatraemia

true alteration in sodium concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

presentation of hypotonic hyponatraemia

A

hypovolaemia
euvolaemia
hypervolaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pathophysiology of hypovolaemia

A

decreased water and Na+

excessive renal or extrarenal water and Na+ loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

euvolaemia

A

increased water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypervolaemia

A

presence of oedema or ascites

increase in bodily water and sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

causes of hypovolaemia

A

from diuretics, vomiting and diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

causes of euvolaemia

A

due to hypothyroidism

or adrenal insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

causes of hypervolaemia

A

due to heart failure and renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

symptoms of hyponatraemia

A

headache
lethargy
dizziness
confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

intervention for hyponatraemia

A

treat underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

causes of hypernatraemia

A

reduction in bodily water
increased loss of water or decreased intake
rarely sodium gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hypernatraemia

A

rarer
>145mmol/L
increased plasma osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how can hypernatraemia present

A

euvolaemia
hypovolaemia
hypervolaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

patient’s at high risk of hypernatraemia

A

fragile condition
restricted access to water - mental health, unconcious, small children
impaired thirst perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

common causes of hypernatraemia

A 
dehydration
not drinking enough
diarrhoea
kidney dysfunction
diuretics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

symptoms of hypernatraemia

A

thirst
fever
dry mucous membranes
restlessness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

intervention for hypernatraemia

A

depends on underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

K+

A

forms basis of resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 sodiums moved outside and 2 potassiums moved inside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

resting membrane potential

A

small leak of potassium to outside of cell until equilibrium reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what maintains K+ balance?

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

renal handling of K+

A

freely filtered through glomerulus

reabsorbed along tubules - only 10% excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which cells are involved in reabsorption of K+

A

principal cells
intercalated cells
in DCT and collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

activity of intercalated cells

A

K+/H+ transport with ATPase pump

K+ reabsorbed and H+ excreted stimulated by acidosis and low K+ concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

activity in principal cells

A

ENaC
coupled channels reabsorb Na+ and secrete K+
stimulated by aldosterone, increased K+ conc and alkalosis and increased tubular flow

38
Q

hypokalaemia

A

due to increased potassium uptake into cells or increased elimination of K+

39
Q

causes of hypokalaemia

A 
alkalosis
diarrhoea
vomiting
renal loss
diuretics
reduced reabsorption of Na+
insulin administration 
hyperaldosteronism
40
Q

symptoms of hypokalaemia

A 
decreased neuromuscular excitability - muscle weakness
decreased tone in smooth muscle
delayed ventricular repolarisation
bradycardia
AV block
41
Q

clinical features of hypokalaemia

A

membrane hyperpolarisation

42
Q

parameters for hypokalaemia

A

<3.5mmol/L

43
Q

intervention for hypokalaemia

A

oral or slow IV K+ administration

44
Q

hyperkalaemia

A

movement of K+ from intracellular to extracellular environment or decreased excretion

45
Q

parameters for hyperkalaemia

A

> 5.3mmol/L

46
Q

common causes of hyperkalaemia

A

tissue damage
acidosis
aldosterone impairment

47
Q

symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A 
increased neuromuscular irritability
restlessness
intestinal cramping 
diarrhoea
loss of muscle tone and paralysis in severe cases
48
Q

clinical features of hyperkalaemia

A

ECG changes
ventricular fibrillation
hyperventilation

49
Q

interventions for hyperkalaemia

A

diet or medication adjustment
insulin and glucose administration
Ca2+ to treat ECG changes

50
Q

danger of hyperkalaemia

A

arrhythmias causing cardiac arrest and death

51
Q

increase in blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin released by thyroid
binds to receptors on osteoblast
increases osteoblast activity - Ca2+ deposition and reduced phosphate ions in ECF
increased excretion of Ca2+

52
Q

decrease in blood calcium levels

A

PTH released and binds to receptors on osteoblasts causing increased release of Ca2+ and phosphate ions into ECF
increased reabsorption of calcium and increased excretion of phosphate
activates production of vitamin D

53
Q

vitamin D

A

increases Ca2+ absorption and phosphate absorption

54
Q

hypocalcaemia

A

<2.1 mmol/L

55
Q

causes of hypocalcaemia

A 
nutritional deficiency
vit. D deficiency
hypoparathyroidism
kidney failure
hyperventilation
56
Q

symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A 
confusion
muscle spasm
paraesthesia
drowsiness
coma
57
Q

clinical features of hypocalcaemia

A

ECG prolonged QT interval

58
Q

intervention for hypocalcaemia

A

long term oral calcium and/ or vitamin D
IV calcium in severe cases
phosphate and magnesium ion monitoring

59
Q

hypercalcaemia

A

> 2.6mmol/L

60
Q

causes of hypercalcaemia

A

hyperparathyroidism
excess vit. D
malignancy in bone

61
Q

symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A 
stones
bones
moans
groans
fatigue
muscle weakness
62
Q

clinical features of hypercalcaemia

A

shorten QT segment
depressed T waves\hypertension
kidney stones

63
Q

interventions for hypercalcaemia

A

reduce dietary intake of Ca2+ and vit. D

medication or surgery to reduce PTH

64
Q

phosphate role

A 
essential part of biochemical systems - bones, buffers
strongly associated with Ca2+ and Na+
phospholipids
ATP
regulate enzyme activity
65
Q

hypophosphataemia

A

> 0.4mmol/L

66
Q

causes of hypophosphataemia

A

reduced intestinal absorption (low vit. D or alcohol abuse)
primary hyperparathyroidism
osteomalacia
rickets

67
Q

symptoms of hypophosphataemia

A

muscle weakness - diaphragm and cardiac contractility
confusion
hallucinations
convulsions

68
Q

clinical features of hypophosphataemia

A

left shift of oxy-haem dissociation curve - reduced O2 transport
arrhythmias
heart failure

69
Q

intervention for hypophosphataemia

A

oral phosphate therapy

IV phosphate

70
Q

hyperphosphataemia

A

> 1.5mmol/L

71
Q

causes of hyperphosphataemia

A

chronic kidney disease

72
Q

symptoms of hyperphosphataemia

A

hypocalcaemia

due to calcium phosphate formation which precipitates in lungs, kidneys and joints

73
Q

clinical features of hyperphosphataemia

A

similar to hypocalcaemia

74
Q

intervention for hyperphosphataemia

A

reduce dietary phosphate
decrease intestinal reabsorption
dialysis

75
Q

role of magnesium ions

A 
enzymatic reactions
needed for ATPase 
gene transcription
bone remodelling
neuromuscular stability
76
Q

location of magnesium

A

intracellular
mostly in bones
some in muscle and soft tissue

77
Q

magnesium regulation

A

by kidney, reabsorbed in loop of Henle mainly

78
Q

magnesium disorders

A

often associated with other electrolytes - Na+/K+

79
Q

hypomagnesaemia

A

<0.7mmol/L

80
Q

causes of hypomagnesaemia

A 
malnutrition
defective gut absorption
excessive gut or urinary loss
alcoholism
diuretics
81
Q

symptoms of hypomagnesaemia

A 
irritability
tremor
ataxia
carpopedal spasm
hyperreflexia 
confusion
hallucinations
convulsions
82
Q

clinical features of hypomagnesaemia

A

progressive QRS complex widening
PR interval prolongation
flattened T waves

83
Q

intervention for hypomagnesaemia

A

oral or IV replacement therapy

correct underlying cause

84
Q

hypermagnesaemia

A

> 1mmol/L

85
Q

hypermagnesaemia causes

A

kidney disease - chronic or acute

magnesium containing laxatives or antacids

86
Q

symptoms of hypermagnesaemia

A 
depressed skeletal muscle contraction and nerve functions
hyporeflexia
proceeding narcosis
respiratory paralysis
cardiac conduction defects
87
Q

clinical features of hypermagnesaemia

A

ECG changes - prolonged QT interval
bradycardia
heart blocks

88
Q

intervention for hypermagnesaemia

A

if renal function is normal - magnesium therapy stopped

if not peritonael dialysis or haemodialysis

89
Q

heart failure patients

A

at risk of hyperkalaemia due to mineralocorticoid blockers for treatment

90
Q

raised creatinine

A

can be secondary to hypercalcaemia due to calcium deposits in kidney

Renal system (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions