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B9W4 > PBL 2 > Flashcards

PBL 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 8 weeks?

A

6 in 1, men B and rotavirus

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2
Q

what does the 6-in-1 vaccine cover?

A

diptheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and HepB

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3
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 12 weeks?

A

6-in-1
rotavirus
pneumococcal

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4
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 16 weeks?

A

6-in-1 and MenB

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5
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 1 year of age?

A

Hib, MenC, pneumococcal, MMR, MenB

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6
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 3 years and 4 months?

A

4-in-1 preschool booster

MMR

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7
Q

what’s does the 4-in-1 pre-school booster cover?

A

diptheria
tetanus
pertussis
polio

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8
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 12-13 years of age?

A

HPV

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9
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 14 years of age?

A

3-in-1 teenage booster

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10
Q

what does the 3-in-1 teenage booster cover?

A

tetanus, diptheria and polio

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11
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 65 years of age?

A

pneumococcal

influenza each year

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12
Q

what vaccines are recommended at 70 years of age?

A

shingles

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13
Q

what vaccines are pregnant women recommended?

A

flu vaccines and pertussis vaccine

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14
Q

what does the pertussis vaccine prevent?

A

whooping cough

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15
Q

when starting college or university, what vaccines are recommended?

A

ensuring you are completely vaccinated for MMR and have had MenACWY

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16
Q

why is it better to have a child immunised than to wait?

A

as it protects them from deadly diseases when their immune systems are developing and are therefore weaker

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17
Q

are there animal products in vaccines?

A

some live vaccines contain gelatinous to stabilise them when stored at different temperatures
some religions have chosen to not let vaccines break religious laws due to its high purification and nonoral administation

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18
Q

discuss the pros of mandatory vaccination?

A

it maximises vaccine uptake, allowing protection from herd immunity for those who cannot be vaccinated

19
Q

what are the cons of mandatory vaccines?

A

it limits autonomy and peoples beliefs
it could give rise to indirect discrimination to those who which the vaccine is not reccomended
it breaks the human rights law article 8 - to respect private and family life

20
Q

what was the Vaccination Act of 1853?

A

it made the smallpox vaccine mandatory for all children born after the 1st of august for the first 3 months of life (by 1860 2/3rds of Babies were vaccinated)

21
Q

what was the Vaccination Act of 1898?

A

the introduction of the conscience clause that entitled parents who objected to the practice of vaccination to claim certificates of conscientious objection

22
Q

which countries have mandatory childhood immunisation programmes?

A

most US countries, Germany, Australia, France and Italy

23
Q

why are live vaccines generally contraindicated for those who are severely immunocompromised?

A

in some cases the pathogen could multiply too much and cause disease

24
Q

what is vaccine-induced viral shedding?

A

concerns that after a live vaccine, the body can release viral particles and increase the risk of infecting others

25
Q

is vaccine-induced viral shedding a real concern?

A

the amount of virus shed by a vaccinated adult is less than the amount needed to infect exposed, susceptible adults so its highly unlikely

26
Q

has there ever been a live vaccine that has caused viral shedding?

A

yes, the oral polio vaccine - no longer in much use

27
Q

how do live, attenuated vaccines work?

A

A weakened pathogen is introduced into the body- it cannot spread and cause sickness but an immune response is generated against the antigen (formation of T cells is encouraged). This causes specialised memory cells to be produce so next time the person is exposed to the virus, the immune system can quickly and efficiently fight it off.

28
Q

how do dead/inactivated vaccines work?

A

These contain whole bacteria or viruses that have been killed or modified in such a way that it is unable to replicate so it cannot cause disease and therefore is suitable for those with a compromised immune system.

29
Q

what are advantages of dead vaccines

A
  • can be freeze dried and easily stores because there’s no risk of killing the pathogen
  • safer- without the risk of the virus or bacteria mutating back into its disease-causing form
30
Q

what are disadvantages of dead vaccines?

A

Because the virus or bacteria is dead, it’s not as accurate a simulation of the real thing as a live attenuated virus. Therefore, it often takes several doses and “booster shots” to train the body to defend itself.

31
Q

what are advantages to live vaccines?

A

Because these vaccines introduce actual live pathogens into the body, it is an excellent simulation for the immune system. So live attenuated vaccines can result in lifelong immunity with just one or two doses.

32
Q

what are disadvantages to live vaccines?

A

Because they contain living pathogens, live attenuated vaccines are not given to people with weakened immune systems as there is a risk the pathogen could get stronger and cause sickness. Additionally, these vaccines must be refrigerated at all times so the weakened pathogen doesn’t die.

33
Q

what are some examples of live vaccines?

A 
measles
mumps
rubella
varicella
influenza
rotavirus
34
Q

what are some examples of dead vaccines?

A

polio
hep A
rabies
COVID 19

35
Q

how do toxoids work?

A

scientists are able to “deactivate” some of the toxins released by pathogens which are then safely injected into the body. The immune system learns well enough from the dead toxins to fight off living toxins if they ever appear

36
Q

what are some examples of toxoids?

A

diptheria and tetanus

37
Q

how do subunit vaccinations work?

A

scientists are able to isolate specific antigens from the pathogen that, when injected into the body, can train the immune system to react without provoking sickness.

38
Q

what are advantages to subunit vaccinations?

A

the chance of an adverse reaction in the patient is much lower

39
Q

what are disadvantages to subunit vaccines?

A

Identifying the best antigens in the pathogen for training the immune system and then separating them is not always possible
they dont always Create a strong or long-lasting immune response so often require repeat doses and adjuvants

40
Q

what are adjuvants?

A

a substance that enhances the immune system’s response to the presence of an antigen

41
Q

what are some examples of subunit vaccines?

A 
HepB
Hib
pneumococcus
pertussis
HPV
meningococcal
42
Q

how do conjugate vaccines work?

A

they connect the polysaccharides (camouflage the antigens) to other antigens that the immune system responds to very well. This linkage helps the immature immune system react to the coating and develop an immune response.

43
Q

what’s an example of a conjugate vaccine?

A

Hib

B9W4 (7 decks)

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