Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B9W4 > PARASITIC INFECTIONS > Flashcards

PARASITIC INFECTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main types of parasites?

A

protozoa, helminths and arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the features of protozoa?

A

unicellular eukaryotic

endoparasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the features of helminths?

A

multiceullar
eukaryotic
endoparasites
have elongated, flat or round bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the features of arthropods?

A

multicellular
eukaryotes
ectoparasites
invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what features make an ideal anti-parasitic drug?

A

it having selective toxicity to parasites, being cost effective, easy to administer/distribute, unlikely to develop resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do anti-protozoals work?

A

they target rapid proliferating, young growing cells by inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis/protein synthesis/specific metabolic pathways/detoxicification mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do anti-helminthic agents work?

A

they target non-proliferating adult organisms

tend to Taggert neuromuscular coordination, carbohydrate metabolism and micro-tubular integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do helminths need micr-tubular integrity for?

A

egg laying and hatching, larval development, glucose transport, enzyme activity, secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can human malaria be caused by?

A

plasmodium falciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

outline the exo-erythrocytic cycle in the cycle of mosquito/human in malaria

A

mosquito takes a blood meal from Human and injects sporozoites from salivary glands into host
sporozoites enter hepatocytes and mature into schizonts which rupture, releasing merozoites after about 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

outline the erythrocytic cycle in the cycle of mosquito/human in malaria

A

merozoites infect erythrocytes and parasites undergo asexual replication to form immature trophozoites before they mature into schizonts and rupture to release merozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

outline how gametocytes form in the cycle of mosquito/human in malaria

A

some parasites dont continue in the erythrocytic cycle but instead differentiate into gametocytes which are released into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do we call male and female gametocytes?

A

male – microgametes

female – macrogametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

outline the sporogonic cycle in the cycle of mosquito/human in malaria

A

uninfected mosquito takes a blood meal from infected humans and ingests the macrogametes and microgametes. within the mosquito stomach, microgametes penetrate macrogametes and develop zygotes. zygotes develop into ookinetes and invade the midgut wall where they develop into oocysts
oocysts grow, rupture and release sporozoites which move to the salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are hypnozoites?

A

dormant malaria parasites that persist in the lover and can reactivate and cause relapses of malarial disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which plasmodium species can cause hypnozoites?

A

P. vivid and P. ovale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is plasmodium falciparum the most virulent species?

A

as mature forms of P.falciparum-infected-erythrocytes sequester in the micro-vasculature
this can clog vessels e.g. causing cerebral malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

outline the cyclic structure of the fever caused by malaria?

A

cold stage of shivering for 15-60 minutes
hot stage of fever, headaches, vomiting, flushing, dry skin and even seizures for 2-6 hours
sweating stage for 2-4 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 classes of presentation of malaria?

A

asymptomatic
uncomplicated
severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is asymptomatic malaria?

A

caused by all Plasmodium species; the patient has circulating parasites but no symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is uncomplicated malaria?

A

can be caused by all Plasmodium species
A patient who presents with symptoms of malaria and a positive parasitological test but with no features of severe malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is severe malaria?

A

when infections are complicated by serious organ failures or abnormalities in the patient’s blood or metabolism
(cerebral malaria, severe anaemia, resp distress, hypoglycaemia etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the effects of cerebral malaria?

A

fits, coma, brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do cells infected with malarial pigments look like?

A

dark spots in cells caused by the accumulation of hemazoin (disposal product of the parasite digesting blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the 3 types of anti-malarial drugs?

A

quinolines, anti-folate and artemisinin compounds

26
Q

how do quinolines work?

A

they disrupt Hb synthesis in the blood stage of the parasite - heme cant be detoxified

27
Q

how do artermisinin compounds work?

A

activates by intraparasitic heme-iron which catalyses the cleavage of end-peroxide
free radical intermediate kills parasite by alkylating or poisoning one of more essential malaria proteins

28
Q

how do anti-folates work?

A

affect folic acid synthesis and metabolism which is essential for making DNA, RNA and to metabolise some amino acids

29
Q

what is the treatment for helminths?

A

praziquantel, mebandazole (most common) and albendazole

30
Q

what are the main treatment options for protozoals?

A

antiprotozoals including metronidazole, tinidazole and nifuratel.

31
Q

whats the causative organism of human African trypanosomiasis (aka sleeping sickness)?

A

trypanosoma brucei

32
Q

how is African trypanosomiasis spread?

A

by infected tsetse fly bites

33
Q

what organ does human African trypanosomiasis affect the most?

A

the brain

34
Q

whats the causative organism of chagas diseases?

A

trypanosoma cruzi

35
Q

how is chagas disease spread?

A

by triatomina (kissing bugs)

36
Q

which organs does chagas disease affect

A

heart and intestines - but may not be till 10-30 years after infection

37
Q

whats the causative organism of leishmaniasis?

A

leishmania

38
Q

how is leishmaniasis spread?

A

by sandflies

39
Q

what organs does leishmaniasis affect?

A

skin and liver

40
Q

whats the causative organism for dracunculiais?

A

round worm - dracunculus medinensis

41
Q

how is dracunculiasis spread?

A

via infected water

42
Q

whats the intermediate host of dracunculiasis?

A

cyclops

43
Q

whats the causative organisms of echinococcosis?

A

tapeworms of the echinococcus genus

44
Q

what are the main hosts of echinococcosis?

A

fox, dogs, racoons

45
Q

which organs does echinococcosis affect?

A

liver and lungs

46
Q

what type of organism causes trematodiasis?

A

parasite flukes

47
Q

which organs does trematodiasis usually affect?

A

intestines, lungs, liver

48
Q

whats the causative organism of filariasis?

A

roundworm

49
Q

how is lymphatic filiariasis spread?

A

via mosquitoes

50
Q

which organs does filariasis affect?

A

skin and lymph

51
Q

what is river blindness called?

A

Onchocerciasis

52
Q

whats the intermediate host of schistomiasis?

A

freshwater snails

53
Q

what type of organism causes schistomiasis?

A

fluke worm

54
Q

what causes amoebiasis?

A

entamoeba histolytica

55
Q

what organ does amoebiasis affect?

A

the intestines

56
Q

whats the causative organism of toxoplasmosis

A

toxoplasmosis gondii

57
Q

how is toxoplasmosis spread?

A

infected cat faeces
poorly cooked food
vertically transmitted

58
Q

whats the difference between sporozoites and merozoites?

A

sporozoites infect the liver and merozoites infect RBCs

59
Q

where are sporozoites released from?

A

oocysts

60
Q

where are merozoites released from?

A

schizonts

B9W4 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions