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B9W4 > GENERAL PATHOLOGY OF CANCER > Flashcards

GENERAL PATHOLOGY OF CANCER Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tumour?

A

an abnormal mass of cells resulting from poorly regulated cell proliferation and growth in absence of initiate event

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2
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

cell adaptation to changes in environment by altering their morphological appearance so its better equipped
this can be reversible if stimulus is removed

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3
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.

removal of adverse stimulus can make it reversible but this can also progress to a neoplasm

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4
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

the uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body

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5
Q

what is a hamartoma?

A

A noncancerous tumor made of an abnormal mixture of normal tissues and cells from the area in which it grows.

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6
Q

what is a choristoma?

A

developmental tumor-like growth (benign) of microscopically normal tissue in an abnormal location.

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7
Q

what is carcinoma?

A

a cancer arising in the epithelial tissues of the skin or the lining of internal organs

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8
Q

what is a sarcoma?

A

a type of cancer that begins in bone or soft tissues of the body

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9
Q

what is a teratoma?

A

a type of germ cell tumour that may contain several types of tissue e.g. hair, muscle, bone

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10
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

cancer of the lymphatic system

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11
Q

what is leukaemia?

A

A malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leucocytes

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12
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

agents that cause genetic damage and induce neoplastic transformation

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13
Q

what is metastasis?

A

the distant spread of neoplastic cells away from the primary neoplasm to form subpopulations of cells not in continuity with primary neoplasm

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14
Q

what are some key features of malignant tumours?

A

sustained proliferation
ability to evade cell death, apoptosis, host immunity and growth suppression
ability to induce angiogenesis and metastasise

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15
Q

what is cell growth/inhibition regulated by?

A

cyclin-dependant kinases and their inhibitors

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16
Q

what induces apoptosis?

A

P53

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17
Q

what are some examples of regulatory genes?

A 
proto-oncogenes
tumour suppressor genes
P53
bcl-2
genes that repair DNA
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18
Q

what do proto-oncogenes do?

A

function to stimulate cell division, inhibit cell differentiation, and halt cell death.

19
Q

what does bcl-2 do?

A

controls cell death primarily by direct binding interactions that regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

20
Q

how many cancers are hereditary?

A

10-15%

21
Q

what does oncogenic mean?

A

it can cause the development of a tumour

22
Q

outline the mechanism of HPV?

A

the E6 protein binds to P53 and promotes its degradation = no cell death
E7 protein inactivates pRb= this is a tumour suppressor protein so we get excessive cell growth

23
Q

outline the simple steps to a neoplasm?

A

normal tissue -> chronic exposure to stimulus -> metaplasia -> dysplasia -> neoplasia

24
Q

what is a papilloma?

A

a benign epithelial tumour of surface epithelium

25
Q

what is an adenoma?

A

a benign tumour of a gland

26
Q

what is a cystadenoma?

A

rare cystic tumors of epithelial origin that arise in the liver, the majority in the right lobe, or less commonly in the extrahepatic biliary system.

27
Q

what is a carcinoma?

A

a malignant neoplasm of any epithlial origin

prefixed by tissue of origin e.g. squamous cell carcinoma

28
Q

how do we name tumours of connective tissue?

A

tissue of origin with suffix of -oma if benign and -sarcoma if malignant

29
Q

how do we name a benign and a malignant tumour of bone origin?

A

osteoma

osteosarcoma

30
Q

what are the types of lymphoid malignancies?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma
non-hodgkin lymphoma
lymphoid leukaemia

31
Q

what is anaplasia?

A

A condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation,

32
Q

what are the key features of benign tumours?

A

they’re slow growing, localised, expansile, have a fibrous capsule, resemble normal cells and have no capacity to metastasise

33
Q

what are the key features of malignant tumours?

A

rapid growth, ill defined borders, infiltrative margins, invades surrounding tissue, ability to metastasise, have a degree of differentiation related to its behaviour, different tu surrounding cells

34
Q

what are 4 routes of metastasis?

A

haematogeneous : along blood vessels

  • -lymphatic : via lymphatic vessels
  • transcoelomic : spreads across a body cavity
  • along nerve fibres
35
Q

what is cachexia?

A

a wasting disorder that causes extreme weight loss and muscle wasting, and can include loss of body fat.
caused by increased metabolic rate and energy expenditure and decreased nutrient intake

36
Q

what is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

a group of rare disorders that are triggered by neoplasms

10% of cancer patients develop this

37
Q

what is a tumour ‘grade’?

A

a level of differentiation

38
Q

what is tumour ‘stage’?

A

the extent of the spread e.g. size and spread

39
Q

what is the most widely used cancer staging system?

A

the Tumour Node Metastasis (TNM) staging

40
Q

what does the TNM staging refer to?

A

T- size and extent of primary tumour
N- number of affected nearby lymph nodes
M- metastasised

41
Q

how do we measure primary tumour (T) in the TNM staging?

A

Tx- tumour cant be measured
T0- tumour cant be found
T1-4 refers to the size with 1 being the smallest and 4 the largest

42
Q

how do we measure lymph nodes (N) in TNM staging?

A

Nx- cancer in nearby lymph nodes cant be measured
N0- no cancer in nearby lymph nodes
N1-4- refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that have cancer

43
Q

how do we measure metastasis (M) in TNM staging?

A

Mx- metastasis cant be measured
M0- no metastasis
M1- cancer has spread

B9W4 (7 decks)

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