PB 3 MID ch 5, ch 3 (pt2)

Question 1

Market justice

Answer 1

focuses on individual responsibility

Question 2

Social justice

Answer 2

focuses on the common good

Question 3

Major sources for public health controversies

Answer 3

1, Role of economic market vs government for health
—-what role should public and private institutions play in public health and health care
2.Economic impact
—public health measures often have a negative impact on some segment of society
3. Individual liberty
—public health actions often involve limits on personal liberties
4. Moral and religious opposition
—public health solutions often viewed as promoting immoral behavior
5. Political interference with science—possibility of tension

Question 4

Paternalism

Answer 4

interference of a state or an individual with another person, agonist their will, defended or motivated by a claim that the person will be better off not protected from harm

Question 5

Trolley Experiment

Answer 5

—understanding utilitarianism and deontological
—Save 5, lose 1 person, produces the best outcome, consequences matters - utilitarianism
—Would not push off the guy, but pull lever..
—Trolley problem examines whether moral decisions are about the outcomes or the way in which they are achieved

Question 6

Tragedy of the commons

Answer 6

—cow pasture example
—the owner takes care of his things, while people do not take care of what is for everybody
—social dilemma where people overuse a shared resource and destroy its value

Question 7

Utilitarianism

Answer 7

—ethical framework
–maximize happiness and minimizing pain, focused on the ends not the motives- for the greatest good for the greatest amount of people

Question 8

Deontological

Answer 8

—ethical framework
—motive of an action to guide moral behavior - do as we would want to be done

Question 9

Communitarianism

Answer 9

— ethical framework
–the importance of society in articulating the good life for individuals - moral weight of community while still enabling freedom

Question 10

Libertarianism and Federalism

Answer 10

—ethical framework
—people should be free to make their own choices

—mode of political organization that unites separate states or other polities within an overarching political system in a way that allows each to maintain its own integrity

Question 11

Self imposed risk

Answer 11

risk an individual knowingly and willingly takes on through their actions

Question 12

Imposed risk

Answer 12

risk to individuals and populations that is out of their direct control

Question 13

Public Health ethics

Answer 13

—emphasizes social or public values issues
—Capture importance of community and duty to take action in the name of population well-being
—Reflected in overlapping concepts like solidarity-unity, reciprocity-exchange for mutual benefit, and stewardship-job of taking care of something-management(of resources)

Question 14

Bioethical Principles for protecting individuals who participate in research

Answer 14

— the belmont report
—Respect for persons - protect those with diminished autonomy
—Beneficence- do not harm, maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
—Justice - fairness in distribution

Question 15

Readings by Authers and Schulson

Answer 15

—Authers- covid is a test of medical capacity and political will, and on the strength of the ideas humans choose to
—Schulson - the mosquito one, where they did not spray many homes

Question 16

Policy

Answer 16

— a guide to action to change what would otherwise occur, a decision about resource amounts and allocation
—Overall amount is a statement of commitment to an area of concern
–Distribution of the amount shows decisions makers’ priorities

Question 17

Public policy

Answer 17

—policy at any level, some have precedence
—May be set by heads of the government, legislatures, regulatory agencies empowered by other constituted authorities

Question 18

Public issues

Answer 18

concern matters that are rooted in the structures of society

Question 19

Personal troubles

Answer 19

—limited to an individuals psychology and immediate relations

Question 20

Policy Stakeholders

Answer 20

—People and groups
—Involved in the policymaking process and affected by policies that government adopts
–2 groups of actor - institutional and ——–non institutional actors
Institutional - branches of government
—–Non institutional - citizens, communities

Question 21

Policy Context

Answer 21

—Context in which policy actors may be looking to formulate and/or implement a specific policy
—Social, political, cultural, economic, historical context
—Influences what policies are feasible for addressing an issue
—Overton window - a model for understanding how ideas in society change over time and influence politics

Question 22

O’ hare framework and its instruments/levers/tools

Answer 22

• policy instruments or tools (actions) that government can use to achieve the goals of a policy
• an intervention
• see picture on study guide
  –Government has control on 3 instruments taxation, prohibition, and obligation
  —Accountability and evaluation- make, buy, and tax programs(clear money costs) or subsides(cost unclear initially)
  –Few programs fit entirely in one box

Question 23

Frieden’ pyramid
-recite from bottom to top then the arrows

Answer 23

• framework for action
  5
• socioeconomic factors
  -changing the context to make individuals’ default decisions healthy
  -long-lasting protective interventions
  -clinical interventions
  -counseling and education
• arrow down = increasing population impact
  -arrow up = increasing individual effort needed

Question 24

Whole of government approach

Answer 24

public services agencies work across portfolio boundaries to develop integrated policies and programs toward achieving shared goals

Question 25

Whole of society approach

Answer 25

a broader approach, beyond public health authorities, everyone - individuals, communities, organizations, etc

Question 26

Health in all policies

Answer 26

approach to public policies across sectors - in order to improve population health and health equity

Question 27

Levels of intervention to influence choice/behavior
-recite from low to greatest levels of intervention

Answer 27

8
–Do nothing or simply monitor - surveillance, surveys
–Provide information - for the population of interest
–Enable choice - to engage in healthy activities
–Guide choice through changing default action - to make to healthier - nudge
–Guide choice through incentives - to encourage people to make healthier decisions - hugs
–Guide choice though disincentives - fines or tax
–Restrict choice - shove
–Eliminate possibility - smack - ban an activity

Question 28

Branches of government

Answer 28

–Legislative - passes statutes
–Executive - public health agencies carry out the law, may issue regulations consistent with statues
–Judicial - law and regulations can be challenged in court

Question 29

US Constitution and Health

Answer 29

governs issues of public health and healthcare BUT does not mention health

Question 30

Reserve clause/power - 10th amendment

Answer 30

clause – since health is not mentioned in the constitution, the responsibility belongs to the states

power –any power not given to the federal government by the constitution belongs to the states and the people

Question 31

Police power

Answer 31

authority allowing states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good

Question 32

Negative constitution

Answer 32

allows, but does not require, governments to act to protect public health , have the authority to act but are not required to

Question 33

Interstate commerce clause

Answer 33

–enables federal government to tax, spend, and regulate interstate commerce
–used to justify federal involvement in public health and healthcare
–major source of federal authority

Question 34

Supremacy clause

Answer 34

federal law is the supreme law of the land, states cannot interfere unless federal government lets them

Question 35

Health law

Answer 35

based on rules governing authority of federal and state governments AND rights of individual

Question 36

4 Sources for health law

Answer 36

1. Constitutional law- us and state constitutions - responsibilities for health lie with the states unless federal constitution grants authority to federal government
2. Legislative law/statutes- written by legislative bodies at local, state, and federal levels - federal statutes often overrule state or local statutes (weed border example)
3. Administrative law/regulations -produced by executive agencies of federal, state, and local governments in order to implement legislative states
4. Judicial, case, or common law - law made by courts when applying constitutional law to specific cases

Question 37

Public health communication and ways it aims to cause change/have an impact

Answer 37

8
Public health communication - the “scientific development”, “strategic dissemination”, and “critical evaluation” of “relevant, accurate, accessible, and understandable” health information communicated” to and from intended audience” to advance the health of the public

needs to
account the different ways people process and receive information

by 6
–Relevant and accurate, unbiased and non judgemental
–Culturally competent - consider differences in educational levels and cultural beliefs
–Easily accessible - location, language, and format
–Actionable - provide resources and instructions that allow people to act on advice given
–Available - to as many people who need the information as possible
–Balanced - recognizing risks and benefits

Question 38

Types of public health communication

Answer 38

4
—Health education- educating audiences on health topics
—Health advocacy - working to ensure people can access health care
—Risk communication - entails delivering information about risks and behaviors
—Crisis and outbreak communication - involving handling urgent situations and unforeseen events

Question 39

Infodemiology and infodemic and what it leads to

Answer 39

—the science of distribution and determinants of information in an electronic medium, specifically the internet, with the ultimate aim to inform public health and public policy

—an overabundance of information- some accurate or not occurring in an epidemic - adds complexity to health emergency response

–Can cause confusion and risk taking behaviors
Leads to mistrust in health authorities and undermines public health response
Intensify or lengthen outbreaks when people are unsure of what to do to protect their health and the health of others

Question 40

Characteristics of an infodemic

Answer 40

—Volume - large extent of information from all types of sources scattered geographically
—Velocity - high speed in which information is disseminated
—Spread of bad information misinformation vs disinformation

Question 41

Misinformation

Answer 41

simply wrong or useless, not to cause harm..all they know

Question 42

Disinformation

Answer 42

wrong and deliberately twisted accord with a political, ideological, or other doctrinaire position - intentionally to bring down a political group, ideologies, or doctrines

Question 43

ed young reading

Answer 43

–field’s future lies in reclaiming parts of its past that it willingly abandoned
–Evolution from advocacy and societal issues towards more personalized conception of health
–Will it return to original of just promoting health
–Without society issues

Question 44

Politicization of science/health

Answer 44

the use of viewpoints to categorized what you believe in or what party you belong to

Question 45

(Problem of non-expert) influencers

Answer 45

individuals who (in part or entirely through their online activity) have established their reputations fro offering viewpoints on specific public issues - including politics, popular culture, health, and science - in doing so, amassed flocks of social media followers

Question 46

What are the techniques for dealing with mis/dis information

Answer 46

Social Listening
—technique adapted from marketing where online and offline conversations are synthesized into actionable insights
—Provides a way to health authorities to…..
—Develop real-time insights from changes in million of everyday public conversations and better tailor programs and interventions to the needs of communities
—Generate evidence based insights in inform their responses
——-Monitor online or offline conversations/ get people input/ listening to what people are talking about to get insights as to what people are thinking

Prebunking and its three types
—a method that aims to inoculate people against false or misleading premise
—Debunking waits for it to happen to then debunk, prebunking is before it happens / prevent people from believing things / if you show people wrong info they might be able to see it and dismiss it
—fact based —correcting a specific false claim or narrative
—logic based—explaining tactics used to manipulate
—source based—pointing out bad sources of information

—What to prebunk - what people information people need and choose example carefully
—How to design it- wrap it in truth, warn audience, add some detail, draw out the tactic, explain how you know what you know
—How and where to share it - keep it simple, make them sharable, find where audience is and share/publish it there

Multiple Messengers
—makes it harder for people to undermine messages
—Makes it harder for someone to follow a wrong claim because there are more people with the right claim
—Much harder to take down the person giving out the info
—If you take one down, there is still more with the same claim
—In 1990, one person talked to all the tv news network - one credible messenger
—In 2020, factors influencing Fuaci, and people get the information all differently from different sources - one vulnerable messenger
—In 2022, lots of people telling the info through many means and harder to undermine them- one million messengers

Question 47

positive and negative rights

Answer 47

–claim for each person the assistance of others in fulfilling or securing well-being - right to an education, emergency medical care
—“freedom” to have something that you didn’t necessarily have to work for or do anything to achieve it. At its core, it is a “right,” and it’s something that neither the federal or state government can take away from you.

–imposed a duty on others to not interfere with one’s activities in a certain area (to ensure one’s liberty or freedom) - right to privacy means a duty on all to not intrude
—Negative rights are rights that focus on limiting others from interfering with an individual’s life, liberty, and property.

Question 48

Health literacy

Answer 48

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information needed to make appropriate health decisions