Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fall 23 > PB 1 MID, ch 1, ch 2, ch 12, ch 3 > Flashcards

PB 1 MID, ch 1, ch 2, ch 12, ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Public Health- 2 definitions

A

The science and the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community efforts (WINSLOW)
The totality of all evidence-based public and private efforts throughout the life cycle that preserve and promote health and prevent disease, disability, and death (KIRKWOOD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Six historical eras

A

Health Protection
Hygiene Movement
Contagion Control
Filling Holes in the Medical System
Health promotion and disease prevention
Population Health (2000s)-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Health Protection

A

1
Antiquity - 1830s) - control based on individual and 1
community behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hygiene Movement

A

2
(1840-1870s) - sanitary condition as a foundation for improved health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Contagion Control

A

3
(1880-1940s) - germ theory of disease; demonstration of infectious origins of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Filling Holes in the Medical System

A

4
(1950s - mid1980s) - integration of control of communicable diseases, risk factor modification, and care of high risk populations as part of medical care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Health promotion and disease prevention

A

5
mid1980s-2000s)- focus on individual behavior and disease detection in vulnerable populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Population Health

A

6
(2000s)- coordination of public health and healthcare delivery based on evidence based, systems thinking, holistic interdisciplinary thinking of multiple contributing factors to health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Levels of prevention- base to top

A

Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primordial Prevention

A

targets social and economic policies affecting health, what is creating this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primary Prevention

A

targets risk factors leading to injury/disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs but still in early preclinical stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

rehabilitating persons with disease/injury to reduce complication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Population Health approach

A
  1. Health issues - physical and mental, health behaviors
  2. Populations - expands beyond geographic confines and forces us to consider ideas of global community
  3. Society’s shared health concerns- toxic exposures from physical environment or risk factors like climate change, cost of healthcare, transportation safety
  4. Vulnerable groups- mothers and children, people with high risk occupations, disabled, elderly, poor or uninsured, people with genetic vulnerabilities, marginalized groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

BIG GEMS

A

what caused the cause that affects health
behavior
infection, genetics, geography, environment, medical care, socioeconomic-cultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contributory causes how established

A
  1. Potential cause is associated with the potential effect, a correlation
  2. Potential cause precedes the potential effect, does time ordering exist
  3. Altering the potential cause, alters the potential effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Risk factors

A

an exposure that increases the probability of developing disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

High risk approach

A

people with the highest probability of getting a disease and aims to bring their risk close to the levels that are experienced by the rest of population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Improve the average approach

A

aim to reduce risk for everybody assuming that everyone is at some degree if risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Demographic Transition

A

impact of falling childhood rates and extended life spans on the size and age distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epidemiologic Transition

A

social and economic development occurs, so different types of disease become prominent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nutritional Transition

A

implies that countries frequently move from poorly balanced diets to a diet of highly processed food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The 3 core functions that governmental public health agencies need to perform

A
  1. Assessment - obtains data that defines the overall population and specific groups within the population
  2. Policy development - develop evidence based recommendation and other analyses of options to guide implementation
  3. Assurance - governments public health’s responsibility ensuring that key components of an effective health system are in place even they won’t perform the implementation
24
Q

Framework for viewing governmental public health agencies & their complex connections

A

look at diagram in study guide for answer

25
Q

PERIE

A

steps of an evidence based public health approach
1. Problem
2. Etiology - the contributory causes
3. Recommendations
4. Implementation
5. evaluation

26
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations

27
Q

Epidemic

A

an increase in the frequency of a disease above the usual and expected rate(endemic rate)

28
Q

Endemic

A

present at all times but at a low rate

29
Q

Morbidity

A

disability, sickness, injury, any departure from a state of physiological or psychological well-being

30
Q

Mortality

A

death

31
Q

Prevalence

A

people who have disease at certain time / the number of people in the population

32
Q

What are prevalence and incidecne rates measure

A

measures of morbidity and mortality

33
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases during a specific time / people at risk at that specific time

34
Q

Confounder/confounding variable

A

no evidence of an association at the individual level (ice cream and drawing example)

35
Q

Ecological analysis

A

analyze surrounding area and the confounding factors that may cause disease OR an assessment of the impact of an alteration of the physical environment

36
Q

Artifactual

A

differences between populations or changes in a population over time due to
1. Difference or changes in the interest in identifying the disease
2. Differences or changes in the ability to identify the disease
3. Difference or changes in the definition of the disease

37
Q

Case-Fatality Rate

A

the chances of dying from the disease once its diagnosed
Mortality / incidence rate times 100 percent

38
Q

Case-Control Study

A

for requirement #1
Compares individuals with a disease with individuals who do not to identify possible exposure

39
Q

Cohort Study

A

for requirement #2
Compares individual exposed and individuals not exposed and follow both over some time to compare the incidence of disease/ who develops it

40
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

A

for requirement #3
Randomly assign exposure or control studies and follow over time to compare results

41
Q

Randomization

A

part of randomized controlled trial, using chance process to assign people to a specific group of the trial

42
Q

Efficacy

A

an intervention increased positive outcomes pr benefits in the population that it was investigated for

43
Q

Effectiveness

A

an intervention has been shown to increase in positive outcomes in the population in which it will be used

44
Q

Strength of a relationship

A

supportive or ancillary criteria (extra info for establishing a contributory cause) that the magnitude of an association is large
—What is the magnitude of the observed association between an exposure and the likelihood of an outcome

45
Q

Relative risk

A

probability of developing the disease if the risk factor is present vs no risk factor present
Probability of getting disease with risk factor / probability of disease without the disease
—More than 1.0 - risk- increased risk in exposed group vs non exposed group
—=1.0- no creased risk of disease
—-Less than 1.0 - protective effect- decreased risk in the exposed groups

46
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

relationship that is present if changes in levels of exposure are associated with changes in the frequency of the outcome

47
Q

Consistency of the relationship

A

ancillary data implying that the relationship has been observed in a wide range of populations
Do you see similar results

48
Q

Biological plausibility

A

ancillary criteria for contributory causes in which the disease can be explained by what is known about the biology of the risk factor
To affect health, theres has to be a biological mechanism

49
Q

Necessary cause

A

cause must be present for disease to occur

50
Q

Sufficient cause

A

if cause is present, disease will occur

51
Q

Recommendations

A

statements based on evidence indicating actions will improve an outcome

52
Q

Dissemination

A

the widespread circulation of information aimed at integrating into public health or clinical practice

53
Q

Public health surveillance

A

collection of health data as the basis to monitor and understand health problems

54
Q

Vital statistics

A

data on births, deaths, and other events/ a source of public health data

55
Q

Life expectancy

A

probability of dying at each age of life in a particular year

56
Q

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A

quality of health
—Quality health measurement times life expectancy

57
Q

Ed Yong Atlantic article about public health getting back to its roots

A

Evolution from advocacy and societal issues towards more personalized conception of health
Will it return to original of just promoting health
Without society issues

Fall 23 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions