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NSB Biweekly 2 > Pavlick- Basal Nuclei and Pathways > Flashcards

Pavlick- Basal Nuclei and Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

basal nuclei structures

A

primary motor cortex
caudate
putamen
globus pallidus (internus and externus)
subthalamic nuclei
substantia nigra
VL of thalamus

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2
Q

parts of basal nuclei that make up corpus striatum

A

caudate
putamen

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3
Q

structures of basal ganglia that make up lentiform nucleus

A

putamen
Globus pallidus (internus and externus)

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4
Q

involved with modulating voluntary movement and cognitive functions

A

basal nuclei

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5
Q

structures involved in basal nuclei pathway that release glutamate

A
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6
Q

structures involved in basal nuclei pathway that release GABA

A
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7
Q

1, 2, 3, 4

A

1: caudate
2: putamen
3: globus pallidus externus
4: globus pallidus internus

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8
Q

1, 2, 3, 4

A

1: caudate
2: putamen
3: globus pallidus externus
4: globus pallidus internus

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9
Q

Process whereby an output is permitted by reducing the inhibitory effect on it (inhibiting the inhibitor)

A

disinhibition

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10
Q
A

top: primary motor cortex (M1)
middle L: VL of thalamus
bottom L: putamen
top R: globus pallidus externus
middle R: globus pallidus internus
bottom R: subthalamic nucleus

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11
Q

the GO pathway (direct pathway) is disinhibition of _____ of the thalamus

A

ventrolateral nucleus

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12
Q
A

direct pathway (VL of thalamus disinhibited)

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13
Q

NO-GO pathway (indirect) is disinhibition of _____

A

subthalamic nucleus

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14
Q
A

indirect pathway (subthalamic nuclei disinhibited)

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15
Q

produced by substantia nigra pars compacta

A

dopamine

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16
Q

___ receptors in direct pathway—– excitatory

A

D1 (Gs)

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17
Q

____ receptors in indirect pathway—-inhibitory

A

D2 (Gi)

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18
Q

Where dopamine is produced

A

substantia nigra

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19
Q
A

direct pathway (VL of thalamus releasing more glutamate)

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20
Q
A

indirect pathway (VL of thalamus releasing less glutamate)

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21
Q

net effect of both direct and indirect pathways that are happening at the same time

A

net cortical facilitation (movement)

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22
Q

abnormal movement; can be categorized by speed and/or pattern

A

dyskinesia

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23
Q

decrease or absence of movement

A

hypokinetic

24
Q

excess of movement

A

hyperkinetic

25
Q

unilateral wild flinging movements of the extremities

A

hemiballismus

26
Q

hemiballismus happens due to damage of the _______; contralateral lesion (effects contralateral muscle)

A

subthalamic nucleus

27
Q

what happens if you knockout signal at subthalamic nucleus (of indirect pathway)

A

excess movement due to VL of thalamus releasing more glutamate

HEMIBALLISMUS

28
Q

autosomal dominant disorder characterized by degeneration of striatum (mostly _____)

A

caudate nucleus
(Huntington’s)

29
Q

genetic feature of codon repeat disorders that dictates an earlier age of onset in successive generations (seen in huntingtons)

A

anticipation

30
Q

CAG repeats on chromosome 4p responsible for transcribing ______protein

A

Huntington

31
Q

chorea (dance-like movements)
cachexia (wasting syndrome)
psychiatric sx’s
dementia

A

Huntington’s disease

32
Q

Mean age of onset is 40 years with a disease duration of ~ 18 years

A

Huntington’s disease

33
Q

Ages 5-15 most commonly affected with typical onset in adolescence

A

Sydenham’s chorea

34
Q

can follow group A strep pharyngitis as part of _______

A

acute rheumatic heart disease (rheumatic fever)

35
Q

Pancarditis
Migratory polyarthritis of large joints
Erythema marginatum of skin
sydenham’s chorea

A

rheumatic fever

36
Q

Causes autoimmune attack on the basal nuclei

A

rheumatic fever

37
Q

type of dystonia which follows long-term use of dopaminergic antagonists

A

tardive dyskinesia

38
Q

antipsychotic or anti-emetic medications

A

dopaminergic antagonists

39
Q

Symptoms include rapid movements of mouth, tongue, and limbs

A

tardive dyskinesia

40
Q

~1/3 cases of ____continue even after discontinued use of offending medication

A

tardive dyskinesia

41
Q

Group of movement disorders which exhibit signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

A

Parkinsonisms

42
Q

primary parkinsonisms

A

PD
atypical parkinsonisms (do not respond to PD meds)

43
Q

can be attributed to trauma, toxins, infections, or medications

A

secondary parkinsonisms

44
Q

characterized by loss of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s disease

45
Q

SMART-D sx’s of PD

A

shuffling gait
mask-like facies
akinesia (bradykinesia)
rigidity
tremor (resting)
dementia (may have lewy bodies)

46
Q
A

Lewy body (seen in dementia)

47
Q

“pill-rolling” tremor

A

Parkinson’s disease

48
Q

resting tremor

49
Q

hereditary disease causing insufficient copper metabolism

A

Wilson Disease

50
Q

Copper collects in brain, eye, and liver (cirrhosis)

A

Wilson Disease

51
Q

Wilson disease causes damage to ____

A

lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)

52
Q
A

Kayser-Flesher ring seen in Wilson Disease

53
Q

K-F rings
personality/mood changes in teens
tremor (wing-beating)
rigidity
bradykinesia

A

Wilson disease

54
Q

putamen affected
due to hand-sanitizer exposure and first batch of moon shine
chemical production
furnaces

A

methanol intoxication

55
Q

globus pallidus affected
seen in colder months (fires, heaters, stoves)

A

carbon monoxide poisoning

NSB Biweekly 2 (11 decks)

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