Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSB Biweekly 2 > Lopez- Visual Fields > Flashcards

Lopez- Visual Fields Flashcards

1
Q

3 main layers of the eye

A

outer (fibrous)
middle (vascular)
inner (neural)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 parts of the outer (fibrous) layer

A

sclera
cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 parts of middle (vascular) layer

A

(Uvea)
iris
ciliary body
choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is in the inner (neural) layer

A

retina
contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) and neuronal layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Highly vascular, nourishes the retina

A

choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Produces aqueous humor, lens accommodation

A

ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Controls pupil size

A

iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transparent anterior portion for light refraction

A

cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tough, protective white coat

A

sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

converts light into neural signals through optic nerve to brain for visual processing

A

neural layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

visual system steps

A

light to retina to optic nerve
optic nerve to optic chiasm to optic tracts
optic tracts to LGN to optic radiations to primary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pigmented cuboidal cells bound together by tight junctions that block the flow of plasma or ions.
Supplies the neural retina with nutrition in the form of glucose essential ions
it protects retinal photoreceptors potentially damaging levels of light

A

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

in the neural retina, absorb quanta of light (photons) and convert this input to an electrical signal

A

photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in the neural retina, send the processed signal to the brain via optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

main 3 layers of neural retina

A

Photoreceptor cells

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ON ___ cells depolarize in response to light

A

bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

OFF _____ cells depolarize in the absence of light

A

bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

explain rods in the darkness:

A

rhodopsin is inactive, cGMP high; depolarization (steady flow of Na+ into cell (dark current))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain rods in light:

A

light activates rhodopsin, cGMP decreases, Na+ channels close and hyperpolarization happens (light goes downstream to neurons in retina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

photoreceptor cells for darkness and light

A

rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

photoreceptor cells dealing with color and visual acuity

A

cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 types of cones

A

red-L cones
green- M cones
blue- S cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Concerned with details of image formation and receives input from rods and cones via synaptic relays through the layers of the retina
99% of all these cells

A

Type I ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

____ cells converge to form optic nerve

A

ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Situated at the posterior pole of the eye

A

macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thinner Inner retinal layer allowing more light to reach photoreceptors.
Ensures high fidelity in light detection

A

Fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

responsible for detecting colors and detailed and precise vision

A

Fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

only type of photoreceptor found in fovea

A

cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

these photoreceptors provide dark/light and motion

A

rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

outermost layer of retina

A

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

L; R

A

L: macula and fovea
R: optic disc and optic cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where optic n. enters retina

A

optic disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where optic n. exits the eye

A

optic cup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Normal cup-to-disc ratio: ≤

A

1/3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

enlarged optic cup indicates____

A

glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Located temporal to the optic disc

A

macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

macula contains the _______for sharp central vision

A

fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

drusen deposits seen in what pathology

A

age-related macular degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

AV nicking of retinal arteries and veins is seen in what pathology

A

hypertensive retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

main blood supply to retina

A

central retinal artery and vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When light enters the eye, it passes through the ____ and ____, which bend (refract) the light rays.

A

cornea and lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The _______ensures that the light focuses onto the retina, forming a sharp image

43
Q

The lens acts like a ____ lens, flipping the image both vertically and horizontally

44
Q

Light from the upper visual field is focused onto the _____ retina

45
Q

Light from the lower visual field is focused onto the _____ retina

46
Q

light from the right visual field is projected onto the _____ hemiretina of each eye, and vice versa

47
Q

A collection of neurons that coordinates the pupillary light reflex

48
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is a small group of neurons that influences light levels; regulates circadian rhythms

A

hypothalamus

49
Q

Coordinates head and eye movements

A

superior colliculus

50
Q

Comprised of axons from retinal ganglion cells across the entire retina

A

optic nerve

51
Q

ganglionic axons converge at the _____, creating the blind spot due to the absence of photoreceptors

A

optic disc

52
Q

optic nerve fibers are ____ within the nerve fiber layer of the retina

A

unmyelinated

53
Q

optic nerve fibers are _____ by oligodendrocytes as they pass through the sclera, enhancing signal transmission

A

myelinated

54
Q

Enclosed by dura and arachnoid mater, continuous with brain coverings

A

optic nerve

55
Q

Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid within the subarachnoid space

A

optic nerve

56
Q

which part of optic nerve is bathed in CSF

A

intraorbital space

57
Q

Situated just rostral to the pituitary stalk.
Area where the two optic nerves meet and partially cross

A

optic chiasm

58
Q

Originate from the nasal (inner) halves of each retina and cross to the opposite side

A

nasal retina fibers

59
Q

Originate from the temporal (outer) halves of each retina and remain on the same side

A

temporal retina fibers

60
Q

visual information from the _____ visual field is processed by the right hemisphere and vice versa

61
Q

Arises from the optic chiasm after the crossing of nasal retina fibers.
Each optic _____ carries information from the contralateral visual field of both eyes

A

optic tract

62
Q

Transmits visual information to the lateral geniculate body (LGN) for further processing before reaching the visual cortex

A

optic tract

63
Q

Located in the thalamus
_____ as a major relay nucleus, segregating motion/form/color signals

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

64
Q

layers 1 and 2 of LGN

A

Magnocellular layers

65
Q

carry fast signals for motion and spatial information

A

Magnocellular layers (M)

66
Q

layers 3-6 of LGN

A

Parvocellular layers

67
Q

carry detailed signals for color and high-resolution vision

A

Parvocellular layers (P)

68
Q

layer involved in blue-yellow color processing

A

konicellular layers (K)

69
Q

primary relay station
Transmits visual information from the optic tracts to the visual cortex (V1)

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

70
Q

2 main fibers of optic radiation

A

superior and inferior

71
Q

Carries information from the central visual field, which is critical for high-acuity vision (travels from parietal to occipital)

A

central bundle (superior fiber)

72
Q

Carries visual information from the inferior visual field (superior retinal quadrants)

A

posterior bundle (superior fibers)

73
Q

Carries visual information from the superior visual field (inferior retinal quadrants)

A

Meyer’s Loop (anterior bundle) inferior fibers

74
Q

Lesions in this bundle (e.g., temporal lobe stroke) result in a contralateral superior quadrantanopia (“pie in the sky” defect)

A

anterior bundle (meyer’s loop)

75
Q

Lies on either bank of the calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex

76
Q

The upper portions of the optic radiations project to the ____ bank of the calcarine fissure

77
Q

The inferior portion of the optic radiations terminate on the _____bank

78
Q

1-5

A
  1. precuneus
  2. occipitotemporal sulcus
  3. cuneus
  4. calcarine sulcus
  5. lingual gyrus
79
Q

conveying information about movement and gross spatial features

A

magnocellular layers pathway

80
Q

carry fine spatial information [form] and color

A

parvocellular layers pathway

81
Q

analyzing motion and spatial relationships between objects as well as between the body and visual stimuli (project to parieto-occipital association cortex)

A

dorsal pathways (of visual association cortex)

82
Q

pathways that answer the question where?

A

dorsal pathways

83
Q

analyzing form, with specific regions identifying colors, faces, letters, and other visual stimuli (project to occipito-temporal association cortex)

A

ventral pathways (of visual association cortex)

84
Q

these pathways answer the question what?

A

ventral pathways

85
Q

Central area visible to both eyes

A

binocular zone

86
Q

_____ Monocular Zone: Seen only by the right eye.
_____Monocular Zone: Seen only by the left eye

A

Right
Left

87
Q

The part of your vision that focuses directly on what you are looking at; primarily handled by the fovea

A

central vision

88
Q

sharp and detailed vision
rich color detection
activities that use precise vision

A

central vision

89
Q

The part of your vision that detects objects and movement outside the direct line of sight; managed by areas of retina surrounding fovea

A

peripheral vision

90
Q

Enables you to perform tasks that require focus and precision

A

central vision

91
Q

Helps you stay aware of your surroundings, enhancing safety and navigation by alerting you to movements and changes outside your immediate focus

A

peripheral vision

92
Q

specific area in each eye’s visual field where no image detection occurs

A

blind spot

93
Q

This spot corresponds to the location on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye to transmit visual information to the brain

A

blind spot

94
Q

pre-chiasm lesion

A

monocular visual loss

95
Q

chiasm lesion

A

bitemporal hemianopia (loss of temporal visual fields in both eyes)

96
Q

retro-chiasm lesion (optic tract)

A

homonymous hemianopia (loss of the same side of the visual field in both eyes)

97
Q

lesion?
central scotoma

A

macula
(macular degeneration)

98
Q

lesion?
left anopia

A

optic nerve

99
Q

lesion?
bitemporal hemianopia

A

optic chiasm

100
Q

lesion?
right homonymous hemianopia

A

optic tract

101
Q

lesion?
right upper quadrantanopia
“pie in the sky”

A

left temporal lesion at Meyer’s loop

102
Q

lesion?
right lower quadrantanopia

A

L parietal lesion at dorsal optic radiation

103
Q

lesion?
right hemianopia w/ macular sparing

A

PCA infarct at visual cortex

NSB Biweekly 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions