Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology- module 6 > patterns of inheritance > Flashcards

patterns of inheritance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are responsible for variation

A

mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are mutations

A

random changes to the genetic code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when do mutations occur

A

constantly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is variation essential for

A

natural selection and therefore evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 2 ways variation can occur as a result of

A

environmental and genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what contributes to phenotype variation. give examples

A

gen and env factors-

chlorosis in plants and diet and etiolation in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is chlorosis

A

when a plant has pale/yellow leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain the effect of chlorosis on plants

A

cells x producing normal amount of chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does lack of chloro mean for a plant

A

not able to make food by photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do most plants which show chlorosis have

A

normal genes coding for chloro production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the change in the phenotype of plants showing chlorosis is caused by

A

environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

examples of environmental factors which result in chlorosis

A

lack of light
mineral deficiences
viral infecctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does lack of light cause chlorosis

A

plants turn off their choro prod to conserve resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do mineral deficiencies cause chlorosis

A

e.g; lack of iron/Mg
needed as cofactor by some enz that make the chlorop mol
if absent in soil cx make chorop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do virus infections cause chlorosis

A

viruses interfere w/ cell met

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rel bw env and gen factors in leaf chlorosis

A

genetic factors likely to code for green leaves but env plays key role in final leaf appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

phenotype

A

visible/ measurable, physical/ biochemical chara

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

continuous variation

A

chara that can take any value w/in a range, two extremes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what causes cont var

A

genetic and env factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

number of genes that influence cont var (genetic control)

A

polygenes- controlled by a number of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

examples of cont variation

A

leaf SA
animal mass
skin colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

discontinuous variation

A

chara that can only appear in specific (discrete) values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cause of discon var

A

mostly genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

n of genes that influence discon var (gen control)

A

one/ two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

examples of discont var

A

blood group
albinism
round and wrinkled pea shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is used to display discont var

A

bar graphs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is used to display cont var

A

normal distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

polygenes

A

when chara det by 2/more genes at diff loci of chromosomes ,e.g; height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

terms to describe an organism’s phenotype

A

homozygous (dom/rec)

heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the combination of genes det by

A

sexual reproduction involving meiosis and the random fusion of gametes at fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

all indiv of same species have same_but not nec same_

A
  1. genes

2. alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do geno and pheno det height of a child

A

geno may det that they have pot to grow up to 1.9m but final height infl greatly by diet- low Ca when young restrict bone dev, prev reaching max height pot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

diet in animals as an example of phenotypic variation

A

obesity due to overfeeding and lack of exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

etiolation in plants as an eg of pheno.var

A

.

35
Q

state diff bw homo and hetero genotype

A

.

36
Q

expl diff bw gno and pheno of oak tree

A

.

37
Q

locus of a gene

A

when an allele of a particular gene occurs in the same position on each of the homologous chromosomes

38
Q

state the difference bw continous and discontinous variation

A

.

39
Q

3 ways meiosis causes variation in living organisms

A

independent assortment
crossing over
reduction and fusion of gametes

40
Q

how genetic variation created

A

the versions of genes you inherit form your parents

41
Q

what influences the characteristics and individual will display

A

the individual mixture of alleles an organism inherits

42
Q

genotype

A

comb of alleles an org inherits for a chara- genetic makeup

43
Q

modifications

A

any changes the environment makes to a person’s phenotype, not inherited

44
Q

nondisjunction

A

failiure of homologous chromo/ sister chrimatids to sep porperly during cell division- trisomy 21

45
Q

how does sexual reproduction increase variation

A

random fertilisation, indep ass of chromo during mei and crossing over of gen mat during mei

46
Q

monogenetic inheritance

A

inheritence of a single gene

47
Q

mendel’s first law of segregation

A

when an organism forms gametes only one of the pair of alleles enters each gamete

48
Q

key steps when analysing a genetic cross

A

phenoype of both parents
genotype
gametes for each parent-circle
punnett square-label gametes on edges
state proportion of each genotype porduced amongst offsprin-%,:, out of
corresponding phenotype for each of the possible phenotypes

49
Q

true/ pure breeding

A

when org contain homozygous alleles

50
Q

what happens when true breeding individuals breed

A

form heterozygous offspring

51
Q

ways to express potential outcomes for genetic crosses

A

ratio
probability
percentage

52
Q

codominance

A

when 2 alleles pccur for a gene both of which are equally dominant, as a result both genes are expressed in phenotype

53
Q

multiple alleles

A

when genes have more than 2 versions

54
Q

give an example of a phenotype that is determined by a gene w/multiple alleles

A

blood group

55
Q

what does the immunoglobin gene code for

A

production of diff a.gens present o surface of RBCs

56
Q

sex chromosomes

A

23rd pair of chromosome different- females-XX males-XY

57
Q

X chromosome

A

large and contains many genes not inv in sexual dev

58
Q

Y chromosome

A

very small contains almost no genetic information but carries a gene that causes the embryo to dev as a male

59
Q

sex linked genes

A

some chara det by genes carried on sex chromo

60
Q

if a sex linked disorder is caused by a recessive allele carried on the x chromo will it be ml in males/females

A

males

61
Q

example of a sex linked disorder

A

haemophilia

62
Q

haemophilia

A

patients form blood clots very slowly due to abscence of potein blood clotting factor

63
Q

consequence of haemophilia

A

injury can result in prolonged bleeding, which if left untreated pot fatal

64
Q

what does it mean when a male inherits the recessive allele that codes for haemophilia

A

cannot have corresponding dominant allele on Y chromo so dev the condition

65
Q

carriers

A

ppl who are heterozygous for a gene

66
Q

do carriers of haemophila suffer from the disorder

A

no but may pass onto offspring- son who suffers from haemophilia

67
Q

what is showing inher of a sex linked cond the alleles are shown linked to

A

the sex chromosome they’re found on

68
Q

what is special about the phenotypes formed as a result of a gene which has codominant alleles

A

codomnant alleles are equally dominant

a heterozygous individual would display a phenotype caused by the expression of both alleles

69
Q

how many possible comibnations of alleles

A

16

70
Q

state the diff bw mono and dihybrid inheritance

A

1 Monogenetic inheritance is the study of the inheritance of one gene, whereas dihybrid inheritance is
the study of the inheritance of two genes

71
Q

reasons why offspring prod from a partic gen cross may diifer from the expected ratio

A

genes are linked- cannot be inherted independantly
smaple size to small-unlikely to produce exact ratio from small sample size due to random nature of each individual outcome, crossing over of chromo, ne allele comb created

72
Q

conditions of the hardy-winburg principle

A

There are no mutations.
The population is isolated, meaning there is no flow of alleles in or out of the population.
There is no selection of alleles, all alleles have an equal chance of being passed on to the next generation.
The population is large enough.
Mating in the population is random.

73
Q

p

A

frequency of homozygous dominant alleles

74
Q

q

A

frequency of homozygous recesive alleles

75
Q

2qp

A

heterozygous

76
Q

recessive

A

,

77
Q

dominant

A

,

78
Q

principles of artificial selection

A

.

79
Q

uses of artificial selection

A

.

80
Q

artificial selection

A

.

81
Q

ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial selection

A

.

82
Q

example of artificial selection

A

selective breeding

83
Q

example of the use of artificial selection to ‘improve’ domestic species

A

dog breeding

Biology- module 6 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions