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Biology- module 6 > patterns of inheritance > Flashcards

patterns of inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

what are responsible for variation

A

mutations

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2
Q

what are mutations

A

random changes to the genetic code

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3
Q

when do mutations occur

A

constantly

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4
Q

what is variation essential for

A

natural selection and therefore evolution

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5
Q

what are the 2 ways variation can occur as a result of

A

environmental and genetic variation

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6
Q

what contributes to phenotype variation. give examples

A

gen and env factors-

chlorosis in plants and diet and etiolation in animals

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7
Q

what is chlorosis

A

when a plant has pale/yellow leaves

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8
Q

explain the effect of chlorosis on plants

A

cells x producing normal amount of chlorophyll

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9
Q

what does lack of chloro mean for a plant

A

not able to make food by photosynthesis

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10
Q

what do most plants which show chlorosis have

A

normal genes coding for chloro production

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11
Q

what is the change in the phenotype of plants showing chlorosis is caused by

A

environmental factors

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12
Q

examples of environmental factors which result in chlorosis

A

lack of light
mineral deficiences
viral infecctions

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13
Q

how does lack of light cause chlorosis

A

plants turn off their choro prod to conserve resources

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14
Q

how do mineral deficiencies cause chlorosis

A

e.g; lack of iron/Mg
needed as cofactor by some enz that make the chlorop mol
if absent in soil cx make chorop

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15
Q

how do virus infections cause chlorosis

A

viruses interfere w/ cell met

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16
Q

rel bw env and gen factors in leaf chlorosis

A

genetic factors likely to code for green leaves but env plays key role in final leaf appearance

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17
Q

phenotype

A

visible/ measurable, physical/ biochemical chara

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18
Q

continuous variation

A

chara that can take any value w/in a range, two extremes

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19
Q

what causes cont var

A

genetic and env factors

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20
Q

number of genes that influence cont var (genetic control)

A

polygenes- controlled by a number of genes

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21
Q

examples of cont variation

A

leaf SA
animal mass
skin colour

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22
Q

discontinuous variation

A

chara that can only appear in specific (discrete) values

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23
Q

cause of discon var

A

mostly genetic

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24
Q

n of genes that influence discon var (gen control)

A

one/ two

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25
examples of discont var
blood group albinism round and wrinkled pea shape
26
what is used to display discont var
bar graphs
27
what is used to display cont var
normal distribution
28
polygenes
when chara det by 2/more genes at diff loci of chromosomes ,e.g; height
29
terms to describe an organism's phenotype
homozygous (dom/rec) | heterozygous
30
what is the combination of genes det by
sexual reproduction involving meiosis and the random fusion of gametes at fertilisation
31
all indiv of same species have same_but not nec same_
1. genes | 2. alleles
32
how do geno and pheno det height of a child
geno may det that they have pot to grow up to 1.9m but final height infl greatly by diet- low Ca when young restrict bone dev, prev reaching max height pot
33
diet in animals as an example of phenotypic variation
obesity due to overfeeding and lack of exercise
34
etiolation in plants as an eg of pheno.var
.
35
state diff bw homo and hetero genotype
.
36
expl diff bw gno and pheno of oak tree
.
37
locus of a gene
when an allele of a particular gene occurs in the same position on each of the homologous chromosomes
38
state the difference bw continous and discontinous variation
.
39
3 ways meiosis causes variation in living organisms
independent assortment crossing over reduction and fusion of gametes
40
how genetic variation created
the versions of genes you inherit form your parents
41
what influences the characteristics and individual will display
the individual mixture of alleles an organism inherits
42
genotype
comb of alleles an org inherits for a chara- genetic makeup
43
modifications
any changes the environment makes to a person's phenotype, not inherited
44
nondisjunction
failiure of homologous chromo/ sister chrimatids to sep porperly during cell division- trisomy 21
45
how does sexual reproduction increase variation
random fertilisation, indep ass of chromo during mei and crossing over of gen mat during mei
46
monogenetic inheritance
inheritence of a single gene
47
mendel's first law of segregation
when an organism forms gametes only one of the pair of alleles enters each gamete
48
key steps when analysing a genetic cross
phenoype of both parents genotype gametes for each parent-circle punnett square-label gametes on edges state proportion of each genotype porduced amongst offsprin-%,:, out of corresponding phenotype for each of the possible phenotypes
49
true/ pure breeding
when org contain homozygous alleles
50
what happens when true breeding individuals breed
form heterozygous offspring
51
ways to express potential outcomes for genetic crosses
ratio probability percentage
52
codominance
when 2 alleles pccur for a gene both of which are equally dominant, as a result both genes are expressed in phenotype
53
multiple alleles
when genes have more than 2 versions
54
give an example of a phenotype that is determined by a gene w/multiple alleles
blood group
55
what does the immunoglobin gene code for
production of diff a.gens present o surface of RBCs
56
sex chromosomes
23rd pair of chromosome different- females-XX males-XY
57
X chromosome
large and contains many genes not inv in sexual dev
58
Y chromosome
very small contains almost no genetic information but carries a gene that causes the embryo to dev as a male
59
sex linked genes
some chara det by genes carried on sex chromo
60
if a sex linked disorder is caused by a recessive allele carried on the x chromo will it be ml in males/females
males
61
example of a sex linked disorder
haemophilia
62
haemophilia
patients form blood clots very slowly due to abscence of potein blood clotting factor
63
consequence of haemophilia
injury can result in prolonged bleeding, which if left untreated pot fatal
64
what does it mean when a male inherits the recessive allele that codes for haemophilia
cannot have corresponding dominant allele on Y chromo so dev the condition
65
carriers
ppl who are heterozygous for a gene
66
do carriers of haemophila suffer from the disorder
no but may pass onto offspring- son who suffers from haemophilia
67
what is showing inher of a sex linked cond the alleles are shown linked to
the sex chromosome they're found on
68
what is special about the phenotypes formed as a result of a gene which has codominant alleles
codomnant alleles are equally dominant | a heterozygous individual would display a phenotype caused by the expression of both alleles
69
how many possible comibnations of alleles
16
70
state the diff bw mono and dihybrid inheritance
1 Monogenetic inheritance is the study of the inheritance of one gene, whereas dihybrid inheritance is the study of the inheritance of two genes
71
reasons why offspring prod from a partic gen cross may diifer from the expected ratio
genes are linked- cannot be inherted independantly smaple size to small-unlikely to produce exact ratio from small sample size due to random nature of each individual outcome, crossing over of chromo, ne allele comb created
72
conditions of the hardy-winburg principle
There are no mutations. The population is isolated, meaning there is no flow of alleles in or out of the population. There is no selection of alleles, all alleles have an equal chance of being passed on to the next generation. The population is large enough. Mating in the population is random.
73
p
frequency of homozygous dominant alleles
74
q
frequency of homozygous recesive alleles
75
2qp
heterozygous
76
recessive
,
77
dominant
,
78
principles of artificial selection
.
79
uses of artificial selection
.
80
artificial selection
.
81
ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial selection
.
82
example of artificial selection
selective breeding
83
example of the use of artificial selection to 'improve' domestic species
dog breeding

Biology- module 6 (14 decks)

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