Patient Assessment Flashcards
Check environment for
Dangers to self and pt No fire, wire, gas, glass No needles or weapons No violence Know exits
MOI
Method of injury or illness: MVC Exposure (weather or bee sting) CP Trauma Psychiatric Drug OD
What to do if multiple casualties
Call for more ambulances if needed
If one or both ambulatory and family or friends can put both in one ambulance
Additional resources
Police Fire Ambulances(ACP, supervisor, air ambulance) Hydro Animal rescue CAS
PPE
Helmet Goggles Mask Gloves Gown / isolation suit Safety footwear High-visibility clothing
How to approach a pt
Always from the front
Introduce yourself
Obtain consent
Avoid demeaning terms
Empathy when approaching the pt
Ask about feelings
Be sensitive to pt feelings / experiences
Avoid entering pt personal space
Use appropriate language
Things to note about pt when entering scene
LOC - drowsy, stupor ( unaware of surrounding) obtunded ( unresponsive to stimuli), coma ( pt cant be aroused no eye movement)
Posture, gait, motor activity
Dress, grooming, hygiene, odors
When to control c spine
Traumatic MOI
MVC
Have pt stay still, partner or other resource hold c spine still until R/O spinal injury
What to do if suspect pt has acute altered LOC (5 steps)
- Confirm clear airway and insert oro/ naso airway
- If pt apneic or has inadequate respirations assist ventilation
- Try to find cause of altered LOC (aeiou tips) and further asses and manage
- Do a secondary survey to asses head to toe
- Do trauma assessment if obvious or possible trauma
What is chief complaint
Main reason ambulance is called
What was pt doing prior to event
OPQRST - for pain
SAMPLE
When does physical assessment begin
When you set eyes on pt
When does pt assessment formally start
With history
What is purpose of physical exam
Investigate areas that you suspect are involved in pts primary problem
What is foundation of physical assessment based on
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
What is primary problem
Medical cause of the c/c (physical or emotional)
What is secondary problem
Additional contributing medical injury/illness/ condition leading to pts presentation
What is final problem
What is determined to be main resulting factor for pts condition after assessment and tx
What are two transport calls to choose from
Load and go
Stay and play
What is differential diagnosis
Working diagnosis / variety of potential causes to help choose tx path
What to check for airway
Is it patent
Do you need to reposition head tilt jaw lift
Any foreign bodies to clear
Decreased LOC? Insert airway protector
Use oropharyngeal airway unless gag intact (or trismus ( lock jaw)
Use nasopharyngeal if cant do oro
Never nasopharyngeal on head trauma pt
What to check for breathing
Look for chest rise and fall Listen for air movement nose and mouth Listen for quality of breaths Observe if accessory muscles being used Feel for: chest movement symmetry
What are accessory muscles for breathing
Between ribs, neck, stomach
What is flail chest
Two or more ribs fractured in two or more places
- chest will move paradoxically
What is pneumothorax
Punctured or collapsed lung ( spontaneous or traumatic)
Chest will not move symmetrically as lung not filling up with air due to rupture within lung
What is crackles breath sounds
Loose fluid or congestion
- pneumonia, CHF
What is wheezes breath sound
Bronchoconstriction
- asthma, anaphylaxis
What is Rhonchi breath sound
Low pitched rattle
-cystic fibrosis, COPD
What is Rub lung sound
Harsh, grating noise
- infection, pulmonary embolism
What is stridor lung sound
High pitched wheeze
- croup, airway obstruction
What is silent chest lung sound
Inability to hear lung sounds
- pneumothorax, asthma exacerbation
Bradypnea
<8 breaths / min
Tachypnea
> 28 breaths/min
Eupnea
Normal for pt age ( 12-20 breaths/min for adults)
Hypopnea
Decreased rate and depth of breath
Hyperpnea
Increased rate and depth of breath
Orthopnea
SOB when pt lies down
Dyspnea
Difficult/ laboured breathing
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Onset of SOB at night / while sleeping ( sleep apnea)
Apnea
Absence of breathing
What are the 8 + 2 vital sign measurements
HR Respiratory rate BP Body temp SpO2 Skin Pupils LOA (GCS)
cardiac monitor
Blood glucose
How many vitals does every pt need min
2 sets even if not going to ER
What HR rate, rhythm and quality refer to
Rate : # pulses in 1 min
Rhythm: pattern and regularity of intervals btw beats
Quality: strength( weak, strong, thready, bounding)
What is normal HR
Btw 60-100 bpm
What is bradycardia
HR of 59 bpm or lower
What is Tachycardia
HR of 100 bpm or higher
What is rate, rhythm, effort and quality in reference to respirations
Rate: # breaths in 1 min Rhythm: affected by speech, emotions -( abnormal respiration in pt with altered mental status is serious concern) Effort: how hard pt works to breath Quality: depth and pattern of breathing
What is bradypnea
Slow breathing
What is Tachypnea
Fast breathing
Respiration comparisons
CAO pt taking 10 breaths / min may be norm but if unresponsive or only taking 10 breath/min could = problem
What is BP
Force of blood against arteries walls as heart contracts and relaxes
What is systolic BP
Maximum force of blood against arteries when ventricles contract
What I’d diastolic BP
Force of blood against the vessel wall when ventricles relax ( measure of systemic vascular resistance and correlates well to blood vessel size)
What is hypertension
BP higher than norm
Usually > 140/90
What is hypotension
BP lower than norm
Based on pts normal BP
What is normotension
BP 90/100 systolic and less than 140 systolic
What is pulse pressure
Diff btw systolic and diastolic pressures
Wide or narrow pulse pressure can be concerning
What is perfusion
Passage of blood through organ or tissue
What are Korotkoff sounds
Sound of blood hitting arterial walls
Sounds hear while taking BP
What variables can affect BP result
Pt anxiety, position, previous activities, movement
Equipment used to measure BP
Palpation, auscultation, doppler
Non-invasive BP asses
In what context do we take BP
Must be correlated to other vital signs and pt condition to be of value
How to check temp
1st note with hand (dorsal surface) Tympanic (ear) used by ems Oral Rectal Axillary
What is normal temp
37°c or 98.6°F
What is plae skin color indicate
Vasoconstriction, blood loss or both
What does cyanosis indicate
Inadequate oxygen or poor perfusion due to suffocation or hypoventilation
What does flush skin indicate
Heat exhaustion, vasodilation, fever or late CO poisoning
What does jaundice indicate
Possible liver disease or other organ failure
What are contusions
Bruises
What does ashen skin indicate
Often cardiac issue or heart attack
What is normal skin presentation
Pink warm and dry
What can moist, clammy skin indicate
Possible shock, hyperthermia, cardiac emergency
What can dry skin indicate
Dehydration or spinal injury
What can skin turgor tell you
If there is fluid loss or dehydration
What is hyperthermia
Increased core body temp > 38°C
What can hyperthermia cause
Heat cramps, exhaustion, stroke
What is hypothermia
Decreased core body temp <35°C
What can hypothermia cause
Leads to organ shut down
What can cause dilated pupils
Stimulants, hypoxia, cardiac arrest, intracranial hemorrhage, dim lighting, eye drops
What can cause constricted pupils
Opiates use, bright light, head injury
What is miosis
Excessive constriction of pupil
What can cause unequal / ispilateral pupil dilation dilation
CVA, previous head injury, post cataract removal
What would slow reactivity of pupils indicate
Hypoxia or decreased perfusion
MI, Substance abuse, cardiac arrest, sever shock can cause fixed pupils
What are the 3 categories of GCS
Eye opening, verbal, motor
What are the scores for eye opening on GCS
4 spontaneous
3 to voice
2 to pain
1 unresponsive
What are the scores for verbal responses on GCS
5 oriented 4 confused 3 inappropriate words 2 incomprehensible sounds 1 unresponsive
What are scores for motor responses on GCS
6 obeys commands 5 localizes (pain) 4 withdraws (pain) 3 flexion (decorticate) 2 extension (deceribrate) 1 unresponsive
What is flexion or Decorticate
When first com into body/ chest toes point straight down body tensed
What is Extension or Deceribrate
When fists and arms tense straight parallel to body toes point straight head bends back whole body tense
What does the general survey consist of
Take in :
- appearance
- vital signs
- additional assessment as needed
- cardiac monitoring, BG, neuro exam
What can Appearance tell you
LOC signs of distress State of health Vital statistics Skin color, lesions Posture, gait, motor activity Dress, grooming, hygiene Odors breath and body Facial expression
What are 2 LOA
Altered = GCS less than norm for pt Unaltered = GCS that's normal for pt
What is hypoglycemic in children under 2
< 3.0 mmol/L
What is hypoglycemic level in pt 2 and older
4.0 mmol/L
Hyperglycemia level
Dependent on pt norm
Normal BG
4.0 to 7.0 mmol/L but DM pt may have a diff normal
What happens when core body temp reaches 39°C
Neurons of brain start to denature
What happens when core body temp reaches 41°C
Brain cells start to die and seizures may occur