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PCT > Intro to pharmacology > Flashcards

Intro to pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of drug

A
  • any substance taken by mouth, injection to muscle, blood vessel, cavity of body; inhaled, or applied topically to treat or prevent disease or condition
  • restoring, correcting or modifying organic functions in man or animal
  • drugs do not confer any new properties on cells/ tissues
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2
Q

Drug actions which are achieved by biochemical interactions b/w the drug and certain tissue components in the body (receptors) are divided into what 2 classes

A
  1. Pharmacokinetic interactions (how the body handles the drug)
  2. Pharmacodynamic interactions ( the drug’s effect on the body)
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3
Q

What is CPS

A

COMPENDIUM OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND SPECIALTIES

= a frequently updated list of every drug in the world

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4
Q

What is Pharmacology

A

the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms

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5
Q

what is pharmacokinetics

A 
the processes which determine the concentration of a drug in the body over time; method drug enters body, moves around, breaks down and is eliminated.
includes:
-absorption
-distribution
-biotransformation
-elimination
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6
Q

What is pharmacodynamics

A

the study of the actions of drugs on living tissues (cellular level)

  • study of how drug acts on living organism
  • drugs can only alter the functions of tissues, cannot cause a new function
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7
Q

What is Pharmacognosy

A

the study of natural drug sources

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8
Q

Define untoward effects

A
  • the undesired effects that a drug has on the body

- a side effect that proves harmful to the pt

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9
Q

Define side effect

A

-unavoidable, undesired effects frequently seen even in therapeutic drug dosages

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10
Q

define orphan drugs

A

used specifically to treat a rare disease

-expensive drugs as not many ppl need them

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11
Q

Define indication

A
  • medical condition or conditions in which the drug has proven to be of therapeutic value
  • presenting sx and or hx that supports the decision to administer a drug
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12
Q

define contraindications

A

-presenting sx and or hx that negate the decision to administer a drug
= Do not give drug if pt has these

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13
Q

Define agonist drug

A
  • drug or substance that binds w/ specific drug receptor & causes a physiological response
  • drugs which bind to receptor sites and produce a cellular reaction
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14
Q

Define antagonist drugs

A
  • the opposition btw 2 or more drugs
  • a drug or other substance that blocks a physiological response or that blocks the action of another drug or substance
  • a blocking agent, prevents other substances from producing an effect
  • drug which binds to a receptor but produces no reaction
    (ex. narcan reverses opiod od)
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15
Q

Can drugs be both agonist and antagonist

A

yes

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16
Q

Define efficacy

A
  • power of drug to produce therapeutic effect
  • drugs ability to initiate biological activity once bound
  • differs btw ppl
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17
Q

Define affinity

A

-the tendency of a drug to combine w/ a specific drug receptor

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18
Q

define bolus

A

single, often times large dose of medication

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19
Q

define cumulative action

A
  • a drug is administered in several doses, causing an increase effect usually due to the quantitative buildup of the drug in the blood
  • toxic effects from repeated doses prior to adequate elimination from the body
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20
Q

Define depressant drug

A

-medication that decreases or lessens a body function or activity

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21
Q

Define habituation

A
  • physical or psychological dependence on a drug
  • process of becoming accustomed to a drug due to frequent use
  • tolerance and dependence develop
  • drug is no longer taken for therapeutic effects but rather to avoid unwanted effects of not taking the drug
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22
Q

Define drug dependence

A
  • condition in which a person cannot control drug intake

- may be physiological, psychological, or both

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23
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A
  • reaction to a substance that is more profound than seen in a population not sensitive to the substance
  • allergic reaction
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24
Q

Define Idiosyncrasy

A

-individual reaction to a drug that is unusually different from that seen in the rest of the population

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25
Q

Define Potentiation

A
  • increased or enhanced action of 2 drugs where total effect is greater than the sum of independent effects (1 + 1=4)
  • one drug intensifies the other
    ex: barbiturates and ETOH
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26
Q

Define refractory

A
  • pts of conditions that do not respond to a drug are said to be refractory to that drug
    ex: pt w/ VC that does not respond to lidocaine
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27
Q

Define Stimulant

A

-drug that enhances or increases a bodily function

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28
Q

Define synergism

A
  • combined action of 2 drugs
  • joint actions of 2 drugs to produce an effect neither one could alone
  • the action is much stronger than the effects of either drug administered separately
    ex: caffeine increases duration of analgesic effects of acetaminophen, NSAID’s and opioids
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29
Q

Define therapeutic action

A

-desired, intended action of a drug given in the appropriate medical condition

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30
Q

Define therapeutic dose (range)

A

-range of plasma concentration of a drug that produces the desired effects w/o producing lethal toxic effects

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31
Q

Define therapeutic threshold

A

-minimum effective concentration of a drug necessary to cause the desired response

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32
Q

therapeutic index

A
  • difference between minimum effective concentration and toxic dose
  • different w/ each drug
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33
Q

Define tolerance

A

-when pts are receiving drugs on a long-term basis, they may require larger and larger dosages of the rug to achieve therapeutic effect

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34
Q

Define onset of action

A

-interval btw the time a drug is administered and the first signs of effects

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35
Q

Define duration of action

A

-length of time that the plasma concentration stays above the minimum effective level for a therapeutic response

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36
Q

Define peak concentration

A

-highest plasma concentration achieved from a dose

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37
Q

define toxic dose

A

-plasma concentration at which a drug produces serious side effects

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38
Q

define relative potency

A

-relative amount of a drug required to produce the desired response

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39
Q

define half-life

A
  • time required for body to fully eliminate 50% of a drug
  • determines the frequency of dosing\
  • takes 5-6 half lives for a drug to be eliminated
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40
Q

define summation

A

-aka additive effect, two drugs with the same effect are given together (~1+1=2)

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41
Q

Define tachyphylaxis

A

-quickly developing tolerance following repeat administration over short period of time

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42
Q

Define drug interaction

A

-effects of one drug alter the response to another drug

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43
Q

Define chemical name

A

-specifies the chemical structure of the drug

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44
Q

Define generic name

A
  • nonproprietary name / does not belong to a particular company
  • standard name assigned by national agency
  • most commonly used
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45
Q

Define trade name

A
  • brand or proprietary name
  • name and registered trade mark a drug manufacturer gives to a drug
  • always capitalized
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46
Q

Define official name

A
  • usually same as generic followed by USP or NF

- used in official publications listing drugs conforming to standards

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47
Q

what are 6 things on drug label

A
  • trade name
  • generic name
  • date dispensed
  • doctor prescribed Rx
  • dosage
  • # of doses
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48
Q

what are 4 sources of drugs

A
  • plants
  • animals
  • minerals
  • laboratory (synthetic)
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49
Q

what are 4 components taken from plants to make drugs

A
  • alkaloid
  • glycosides
  • gums
  • oils
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50
Q

why are alkaloids the most important component

A
  • react w/ acids to form salt
  • salt is more readily soluble in body fluids
  • usually end in -ine as in atropine, caffeine, nicotine
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51
Q

5 examples of plant derivative drugs

A 
Opium plant:
-morphine
-heroine
-codeine
Atropa belladonna
-Atropine
Purple foxglove
-digoxin
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52
Q

What is used when sourcing from animal and humans

A

body fluids or glands

-hormones, fats, oils & enzymes that act as catalysts

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53
Q

What source are vaccines from

A

animals

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54
Q

4 examples of animal derivative drugs

A
  • insulin
  • oxytocin
  • cod liver oil
  • pepsin
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55
Q

What are minerals or mineral products as sources for drug

A
  • metallic and nonmetallic minerals provide various inorganic material not available from plants or animals
  • mineral sources are used either alone or combined w/ other ingredients to yield acids, bases or salts
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56
Q

3 examples of mineral derivative drugs

A
  • sodium bicarbonate
  • calcium chloride
  • magnesium sulfate
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57
Q

What are synthetic sources of drugs

A
  • chem substances made in lab
  • result of advancements in tech
  • allows to produce greater quantities & develop safer drugs (less adverse reactions)
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58
Q

3 examples of synthetic dugs

A
  • Lidocaine (xylocaine)
  • Diazepam (Valium)
  • Human insulin (Humulin)
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59
Q

11 components of a drug profile

A
  • name
  • classification
  • mechanism of action
  • indications
  • pharmacokinetics
  • side effects
  • routes of administration
  • contraindications
  • dosage
  • how supplied
  • special considerations
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60
Q

What is classification of a drug

A

-broad group to which a drug belongs. knowing classifications is essential to understanding the properties of drugs

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61
Q

define mechanism of action

A

-the way in which a drug causes its effects; its pharmacodynamics

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62
Q

define dosage

A

amount of the drug that should be given

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63
Q

define supplied

A

Typically includes the common concentration of the available preparations; many drugs come in diff concentrations

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64
Q

define special conciderations

A

how drug may affect pediatric, geriatric or pregnant pts

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65
Q

What is Base Hospital Direction

A
  • a BHP certifies medics to perform delegated acts (symptom relief)
  • acts done under physicians license (medical director)
  • medics cannot deliver drugs off duty; nor act under another MD license
  • medic can be decertified if fail to follow guidelines
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66
Q

How to provide safe and effective Pt care

A
  • know precautions, contraindications for all meds you give
  • proper technique
  • observe and document drug effects
  • have current knowledge in pharmacology
  • professional relationships with other healthcare providers
  • understand pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
  • have current med references available
  • take careful drug Hx
  • evaluate compliance, dosage, adverse reactions
  • consult with med direction as needed
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67
Q

10 steps to administering medications

A
  1. ID any allergies
  2. determine if order is consistent w/ training and scope of practice
  3. take and record vitals
  4. confirm order (med, dose, concentration, route)
  5. select and confirm med
  6. confirm med and order w/ partner
  7. check for cloudiness, particles, discoloration, expiry date
  8. 8 rights
  9. record drug, dose, route, time of admin
  10. properly dispose of sharps
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68
Q

8 Rights of med admin

A

Right:

  • patient
  • drug
  • dose
  • route
  • time
  • expiry date
  • documentation
  • to refuse
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69
Q

4 types of Pt’s for special considerations

A
  • pregnant
  • pediatric
  • geriatric
  • body mass
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70
Q

Special considerations with pregnant pts

A
  • some drugs have adverse effect on fetus
  • Teratogenic drug can deform or kill fetus
  • drug given to mom reaches fetus and may affect breastfeeding baby
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71
Q

Anatomical and physiological changes in pregnant mother

A 
Increased:
CO
HR
Blood volume
Decreased:
protein binding
hepatic metabolism
BP
72
Q

What is Placental barrier

A
  • membrane layers that separate the blood vessels of the mother and fetus
  • provides some protection to the fetus
73
Q

What is Broselow Pediatric Emergency Tape

A
  • used for size and drug calculations in infants
  • placed along childs length to give a weight
  • coded dosage charts and sizes for procedures
74
Q

Pediatric weight formula

A

(age x 2) + 10

75
Q

Considerations with pediatric patients

A
  • higher proportion of water
  • lower plasma protein levels (more available drug)
  • immature liver/ kidneys (liver often metabolizes more slowly, kidneys may excrete more slowly)
76
Q

Physiological effects of aging (geriatric pts)

A 
Decreased:
CO
renal function (excretion)
brain mass
total body H2O
serum albumin (protein binding)
resp capacity
GI motility
liver function->biotransformation->delayed drug action
Increased:
body fat
77
Q

Considerations with geriatric patients

A
  • chronic disease states
  • decreased plasma protein binding
  • slower metabolism
  • slower excretion
  • dietary deficiencies
  • use of multiple meds
  • lack of compliance
78
Q

Consideration Re: Age, weight, gender

A 
Age: 
immature or decreased hepatic, renal function
Weight:
bigger spread over larger volume
Gender:
diff sizes
diff in fat/water distribution
79
Q

Other considerations

A
  • environment
  • fever
  • shock
  • genetic effects
  • psychological factors
80
Q

Pathology considerations

A
  • Drug may aggravate underlying pathology
  • Hepatic disease may slow drug metabolism
  • Renal disease may slow drug elimination
  • Acid/base abnormalities may change drug absorption or elimination
81
Q

What do pharmacokinetics depend on

A
  • body’s various physiological mechanisms to move substances across the body’s compartments
  • can be through active or passive processes (mostly passive / diffusion or osmosis)
82
Q

how does insulin facilitate the transport of glucose into the cell

A

carrier mediated diffusion or facilitated diffusion

83
Q

What are the 5 steps in pharmacokinetic processes

A
  • liberation
  • absorption
  • distribution
  • biotransformation (metabolism)
  • excretion
84
Q

What is the absorption process

A

-a drug must find its way to the site of action via circulatory fluids (passive diffusion)

85
Q

what is distribution process

A

-drug must be distributed throughout body

86
Q

what is biotransformation process

A

-process of breaking down, or metabolizing, drugs

87
Q

what is elimination process

A
  • drugs must eventually be excrete from body

- usually via kidneys but also GI, sweat, saliva and breast milk

88
Q

What is Liberation

A

-applies to drugs given orally

  1. release of drug from pill, tablet, capsule
  2. Dissolving of active drug in GI fluids
89
Q

What are formulation factors that affect liberation / absorption

A
  • tablet disintegration
  • inert ingredient / solvent effects (coated to slow)
  • solubility
  • drug pH (acidic drug absorb faster)
  • concentration
90
Q

What are patient factors that affect liberation/ absorption

A
  • absorbing surface
  • blood flow
  • environmental pH
  • Disease states (shock, acidosis, peripheral vasoconstriction)
  • interactions w/ food or other drugs
91
Q

what is absorption rate of PO and transdermal drugs

A

~30 - 60 min

92
Q

What is the rate of absorption of SL (sublingual), Vag (vaginal) and PR (rectal)

A

~15 - 30 min

93
Q

What is absorption rate of topical drugs

A

~ 60 min

94
Q

what is absorption rate of inhalation drugs and IV (intravenous)

A

~ 1 min

95
Q

What is absorption rate of SC, IM and IO

A

~Several mins

96
Q

What is distribution

A

-process whereby a drug is transported from the site of absorption to the site of impact

97
Q

how are preferred routes of admin usually chosen

A

based on the rate of distribution for desired effect

98
Q

4 factors that affect distribution

A
  • cardiovascular function
  • regional blood flow
  • drug storage reservoir
  • physiological barriers
99
Q

Where is drug initially distributed

A
  • to highly perfused body areas such as the brain, heart, kidneys, liver
  • if CO decreases (shock, CHF) the drug distribution becomes slower ad less predictable
100
Q

how can body store drugs

A
  • by binding them to proteins present with in the tissue
  • either a plasma carrier protein (plasma reservoir) or a storage tissue protein (tissue reservoir)
  • will delay onset of action and prolong effects
101
Q

How does time release work

A

drugs bind to plasma protein (albumin) and remain inactive

-as plasma concentration of free drug decreases, the bound drug will dissociate for use (concentration gradient)

102
Q

4 Factors that affect distribution

A
  • rate of perfusion
  • plasma protein (albumin) binding
  • accumulation in tissues
  • ability to cross membranes (blood-brain barrier, placental barrier)
103
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier

A
  • a single layer of capillary endothelial cells that line the blood vessels entering the CNS
  • cells have fatty sheath with no aqueous pores so drugs must be lipid soluble to pass through membrane
104
Q

What drugs are easily transported by placental barrier

A
  • steroids
  • Narcotics
  • Anesthetics
  • Some antibiotics

it is not as selective as the blood-brain barrier

105
Q

what is biotransformation

A

-process where the drug is chemically converted (metabolized) to a metabolite (another chemical)

106
Q

What is purpose of biotransformation

A
  • to detoxify a drug and render it less active
  • liver biotransforms many drugs partially or completely
  • all drugs absorbed by GI will go through liver first
107
Q

What is the hepatic first pass event

A
  • drugs given orally go through portal system first and liver before distributed to body
  • can significantly metabolize drugs in first pass
  • some drugs fully metabolize on first pass so cannot giv PO
108
Q

why are IV doses much lower than PO

A

to adjust for loss of drug when it is metabolized on first pass

109
Q

What are 2 effect from biotransformation

A
  • transformation to less active metabolite

- enhancement of solubility

110
Q

What happens to biotransformation when there is liver disease

A
  • slows metabolism
  • prolongs effects
  • liver is the primary site of drug metabolism
111
Q

What is Therapeutic threshold

A
  • minimum effective concentration of a drug necessary to cause a desired response
  • below this level drug will not produce a clinical response
  • at some point above this drug can be toxic or fatal
112
Q

What is excretion

A

elimination of toxic or inactive metabolites from the tissues either in original form or as metabolites

113
Q

how can drugs be eliminated artificially

A

by direct interventions, such as peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis

114
Q

what is primary site of elimination

A

Kidneys

  • mechanism dependent on:
  • passive glomerular filtration
  • active tubular transport
  • partial reabsorption
  • hemodialysis
115
Q

What is the effects of renal disease on elimination

A
  • slows excretion

- prolongs effects

116
Q

What are 6 ways drug can be excreted

A
  • kidneys into urine
  • liver into bile
  • intestines into feces
  • lungs into expired air
  • sweat glands (rare)
  • mammary glands into milk
117
Q

3 factors affecting elimination

A
  • drug half-life
  • accumulation
  • clearance
118
Q

What to note about shorter or increased biological half-life t1/2

A
  • shorter t1/2 may need more frequent doses

- hepatic disease may increase t1/2

119
Q

with a regularly administered drug reaches a constant total body amount or steady state after how many half lives

A

about 5

-once steady state reached drug concentration in blood fluctuates above and below avrg concentration

120
Q

if time required to reach therapeutic blood concentration is too long how can you reach steady state

A

-initial loading dose then subsequent accumulation doses

121
Q

What is clearance

A
  • removal of drug from body
  • slow clearance = slow rate of removal
  • high clearance = rapid rate
122
Q

What is risk with drug with low clearance rate

A

-may accumulate to a toxic concentration in the body unless it is administered less frequently or at lower doses

123
Q

Consideration with drugs with high clearance rate

A

may require more frequent administration and higher doses than a comparable drug with a low clearance rate

124
Q

What is Enteral drug route

A

-deliver meds by absorption through the GI tract

125
Q

What are Parenteral drug route

A

-delivers meds via router other than the GI tract

126
Q

What are the 5 Enteral routes

A
  • oral
  • orogastric (OG) / Nasogastric (NG)
  • Sublingual (SL) (excellent absorption very vascular)
  • Buccal (cheek/gum absorbed through mucous membrane)
  • Rectal (PR) (only 1/2 drug taken goes through liver first so this route more predictable)
127
Q

What are 8 Parenteral routes

A
  • IV
  • IO
  • ET (endotracheal)
  • Umbilical (newborns)
  • IM
  • SQ
  • Inhalation
  • Topical (percutaneous)
128
Q

What are 10 drug forms

A
  • liquid
  • solid
  • gas
  • suppositories
  • inhalants
  • sprays
  • creams
  • lotions
  • patches
  • lozenges
129
Q

Why are drug forms chosen in some cases

A
  • because of drug interactions and reactions

- some forms are used to affect absorption rates into the body

130
Q

5 subcategories of solid form drugs

A
  • pills (spherically shaped)
  • powders
  • tablets (powder compressed into disk)
  • suppositories (drug w/ wax that melts)
  • capsules (gelatin container filled w/ powder)
131
Q

What are 7 subcategories of liquid form drugs

A
  • solutions (water or oil based)
  • tinctures (alcohol extraction process)
  • suspensions (doesnt dissolve in solvent)
  • emulsion (suspension w/ oily substance in solvent)
  • Spirits (volatile drug in alcohol)
  • elixirs (alcohol and water solvent with flavoring)
  • Syrups (sugar, water, drug solutions)
132
Q

What are the actions of drugs

A
  • Pharmacodynamics
  • bind to a receptor site
  • change physical properties
  • chemically combine with other substances
  • alter a normal metabolic pathway
133
Q

How are drug receptors classified

A

by the effects they produce and may be further classified by specific effects

134
Q

how do most drugs produce their effects

A

by either a drug-receptor interaction (agonist, antagonist, affinity, efficacy, types of receptors),
drug enzyme interaction, or
non-specific drug interactions

135
Q

What is drugs effect on hormones, enzymes or metabolic functions

A

they can increase, decrease or replace them

-some drugs destroy or inhibit foreign organisms or malignant cells

136
Q

What is drug-receptor interaction

A

-drug action begins after the drug binds to a receptor site on the cell membrane (key lock theory)

137
Q

What is drug enzyme interaction

A
  • normally enzymes bind to enzyme substrate molecules to produce an effect
  • drug will mimic the substrate molecules and the enzymes combine with the drug instead
  • blocks normal action or results in the production of another substance
138
Q

How do drugs altering enzymes activity work

A
  • alter processes catalyzed by the enzymes

- enzymes = biological catalysts (speed chemical reactions and are not changed themselves)

139
Q

How can some drugs change cell membrane permeabillity

A

by blocking or opening sodium or potassium channels

140
Q

What is non-specific drug interactions

A

-drugs penetrate into cells or accumulate in cell membranes to interfere with cellular function (ex. general anesthetics)

141
Q

How do some drugs combine with other chemicals to affect body

A
  • neutralize stomach acids (antacids)
  • destroy/ inhibit bacteria or pathogens (antiseptic effect from alcohol)
  • chelation of heavy metal (grabbing/ binding)
142
Q

What are anti-metabolites

A
  • enter biochemical reactions in place of normal substrate “competitors
  • result in biologically inactive product
143
Q

Define potency in relation to drug dose

A
  • absolute amount of drug required to produce an effect

- more potent drug is the one that requires lower dose to cause same effect

144
Q

Define Threshold (minimal) dose

A

-least amount needed to produce desired effects

145
Q

Define maximum effect in relation to drug dose

A

-greatest response produces regardless of dose used

146
Q

How is response to drug therapy usually assessed

A

by observing the pharmacological effect of the drug on physiological parameters

147
Q

When do drug interactions occur

A
  • whenever 2 or more drugs are available in the same pt

- the interaction can increase, decrease or have no effect on their combined action

148
Q

6 variables influencing drug interactions include:

A
  • intestinal absorption
  • competition for plasma protein binding
  • drug metabolism or biotransformation
  • action at the receptor site
  • renal excretion
  • alteration of electrolyte balance
149
Q

Name 6 adverse drug reactions that can cause temporary loss of function, permanent damage or death

A
  1. secondary actions/ effects
  2. Allergic/ hypersensitivity reactions
  3. Idiosyncratic reaction
  4. Mutagenicity
  5. Carcinogenicity
  6. Drug addiction
150
Q

define secondary actions/ effects

A
  • Side effect
  • signs and symptoms of a drug reaction
  • not the intended effect
151
Q

Define allergic/ hypersensitivity reactions

A

-local or systemic effects due to hypersensitivity to the drug

152
Q

define idiosyncratic reaction

A
  • the drug reaction that is not expected (not normal for the population)
  • unique to an individual
153
Q

define Mutagenicity

A
  • drug resistant mutants appear with common use of drug (ex. antibiotics)
  • tolerance (decreased response to the same amount)
154
Q

Define Carcinogenicity

A

-a drug which may cause cancer

155
Q

Define drug addiction

A

behavioral pattern of:

  • drug craving
  • out of control usage
  • overwhelming concern with obtaining drug supply
156
Q

Define Cross Tolerance

A

-tolerance for a drug that develops after administration of a different drug

157
Q

Define Tachyphylaxis

A

-rapidly occurring tolerance to a drug

158
Q

Define cumulative effect

A

-increased effectiveness when a drug is given in several doses

159
Q

Define drug dependance

A

-pt becomes accustomed to the drug’s presence in his body

160
Q

define drug interaction

A

-effect of one drug alter the response to another drug

161
Q

define drug antagonism

A

the effect of one drug block the response to another drug

162
Q

Define summation

A

-AKA additive effect, 2 drugs with the same effect are given together (like 1+1=2)

163
Q

define synergism

A

-2 drugs with the same effect are given together and produce a response greater than the sum of their individual responses (ex. 1+1=3)

164
Q

Define potentiation

A

one drug enhances the effect of another

165
Q

Define Interference

A

-the direct biochemical interaction btw 2 drugs; one drug affects the pharmacology of another drug

166
Q

What are 8 other factors affecting pharmacokinetics

A
  • onset of action
  • peak concentration
  • duration of action
  • age
  • weight
  • gender
  • time of administration
  • route of administration
167
Q

Define onset of action

A

the time when the drug is sufficiently absorbed to reach an effective blood level and sufficiently distributed to its site of action to elicit a therapeutic response

168
Q

Define peak concentration

A

-as the body absorbs more of the drug, the drug concentration in the blood rises, more drug reaches the site of action, and the therapeutic response increases

169
Q

Define duration of action

A

-length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient in the blood to produce a therapeutic response

170
Q

What is age affect on pharmacokinetics

A
  • young (immature liver and kidneys)
  • elderly (decreased liver and kidney function

BOTH usually require smaller doses

171
Q

What is weight effect on pharmacokinetics

A
  • avrg adult dosages are based on a 150lb person
  • dosage should be adjusted for significantly higher or lower weights
  • water comprises approx. 60% of total body weight
172
Q

What is gender effect on pharmacokinetics

A
  • women usually smaller and have diff ration of body fat and water
  • may require smaller doses
173
Q

what is time of administration effect on pharmacokinetics

A
  • drugs are absorbed more rapidly if GI tract is empty

- some drugs irritate the GI tract and should be taken w/ food

174
Q

what is route of administration effect on pharmacokinetics

A
  • IV route faster and needs lower dose

- PO slower and needs bigger dose

175
Q

What are 4 sources of drug info you can refer to

A
  • CPS (compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties
  • Health canada drug product database
  • physician’s desk reference
  • drug information

PCT (9 decks)

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