pathway review Flashcards
glycolysis
provides energy
excess used for lipogenesis in liver and adipose
PDH complex
link bw glycolysis and CAC (puruvate to acetyl coa)
CAC
oxidation of acetyl coa coupled to reduction of NAD+/FAD
ocidative phoshphorylation
NADH/ FADH2 oxidation coupled to ATP synthesis
gluconeogenesis
provies glucose to bloodstream during starvation
glycogenolysis
supplies glucose for ATP synthesis WITHIN that tissue but in liver it serves to maintain blood glucose levels
glycogen synthesis
store carbs
b-oxidation
provide energy
PPP
provide pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for anabolic pathways (lipid synthesis)
FA synthesis
storing energy, synthesis of phospholipids and CE and used as signalling molecules
cholesterol synthesis
used in membrane synthesis, bile acid/ salt synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, and to make oxysterols
ketone bodies
used by non liver tissues during starvation but not RBC
lipoprotein metabolism
delivers FA and monoglyceride to tissues and can modigy the type/ density of lipoprotein
urea cycle
detoxifies ammonia
what processes occur in all tissues
glycolysis and PPP
where does PDH cycle occur
everywhere but RBC
where does CAC occur
everywhere but RBC
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
everywhere but RBC
where does b oxiation occur
everywehre but RBC and little in brain
where does glycogen synthesis occur
almost everywhere, but mainly in liver and muscle
where does gluconeogenesis occur
liver and kidneys
where does glycogenolysis occur
liver and muscle
where does cholesterol synthesis occur
all tissue but mainly liver
where does FA synthesis occur
liver and adipose tissue
where does ketone body formaiton occur
liver
where does urea cycle occur
liver
where does lipoprotein metabolism occur
bloodstream
glucose 6 phosphate
exported as glucose to replenish blood glucose
what is used to syntehsize FA
glucose
what does glucose-6-phosphate enter
blood
glycogen syntehsis
enter glycolysis > PDH >CAC
FA synthesis
PPP to yield NADPH and pentoses
where do AA go
to make proteins, nucleotides, hormones or in bloodstream to pass to other organs
can be converted to pyruvate and ammonia
fate of lipids
converted to liver lipids
B ocxidation > acetyl coa and NADH
form phospholipids and TAG of plasma lipoprotiens
bind to albumin in blood for transport to heart and skeletal muscle
fate of lipids
converted to liver lipids
B ocxidation > acetyl coa and NADH
form phospholipids and TAG of plasma lipoprotiens
bind to albumin in blood for transport to heart and skeletal muscle
enzyme for glycogen synthesis
glycogen synthase
enzyme for glycogen breakdown
glycogen phosphorylase
enzyme for glycolysis and CAC and PDH
PFK1 by PFK2
PDH complex
enzyme for FA synthesis
ACC
enzyme for TAG synthesis
liporpotein lipase HOW?
glucagon and FA
mobalizes FA from adipose tisseu
what does glycogen breakdown require
glycgen phosphorylase
glycogen synthesis enzyme
glycogen synthase
glyclysis enzyme
PFK1
gluconeogenesis enzyme
FBPase2
PEP carboxykinase
enzmyme against gluconeogenesis
Pyruvate kinase
FA mobilization enxyme
hormone sensitive lipase
ketogenesis enxyme
dec ACC
what has the highest caloric equivalent in obses people over normal people
in TAG, caloric equivalent inn TAG (adipose tissue) is much higher in obese
TAG metabolism during fasting
liver converts FA and ketone bodies for export to other tissues including brain
glucose plasma concentration during starvation
begins to deminish within 2 days
ketone bodies during starvation
rise dramatically after 2-4 days
where do ketone bodies go
form liver to
heart
skeletal muscle
brain
when are glycogen stores depeleted
24-36 hours
when does liver begin gluconeogenesis
after 24-36 hours
gluconeogenesi what is it made from
amino acids
non essential abundant proteins
events after 2-3 days of starvation
low insulin= TAG breakdown
TAG glycerol used for gluconeogenesis (preservnes AA for protein synth)
FA oxidation (not in brain)
ketone bodies for brian, heart, skeletal muscle
4+ days after starvation
ketone main energy for brain
FA oxidation maintains essential metabolic processes
what happens during starvation when fat stores are compoetely depleted
protein breakdown= AA for gluconeogenesis is mian source of energy in all cells
heart and liver proteins broken doown
mscle wasting
negative impacts on organ function
death
