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metabolism > 16 > Flashcards

16 Flashcards

1
Q

where are chylomicrons derived from

A

diet

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2
Q

where are chylomicrons packaged

A

in the intestine to liver lipids to various tissues

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3
Q

what apo is associated with chylomicrons

A

apo B48

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4
Q

what activates lipoprotein lipase

A

apoC-II

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5
Q

why is lipoprotein lipase activated

A

to release free FA for fuel in adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle

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6
Q

what happens when fats are depleted with respect to chylomicrons

A

chylomicron rememnrants go to the liver for absorption via apoE-mediated endocytosis

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7
Q

where are VLDL packaged

A

in the liver from diet dervied de novo synthesized lipids

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8
Q

what apo is associated with VLDL

A

apoB100

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9
Q

what happens with free FA released by lipoprotein lipase in VLDLs

A

adipocytes take up free FA and convert to TAGs for storage wich is used by muscle for energy

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10
Q

what does LDL do

A

deliver cholesterol to various tissues

muscle and adipose tissue have LDL receptors and recognize apoB100 on LDL

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11
Q

what does HDL do

A

picks up hcolesterol form extra hepatic tissues and retusn to liver (reverse cholesterol transport) where it can be metabolized

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12
Q

blood plasma after a meal

A

chylomicron rich and cloudy

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13
Q

where is lipoprotein lipase

A

LPL is anchored tot he cell surface of several tissues that are exposed to the circulation

anchored to sulfate proteoglycans

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14
Q

where is LPL expressed the most

A

within the heart and adipose tissue

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15
Q

what inhibits LPL

A

apoC-III

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16
Q

what does LPL do

A

hydrolyzes the triglycerides carried though circulation by lipoproteins contiaing apoB48 (chylomicrons) and apoB100 (VLDL)

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17
Q

what does the hydrolysis of triglycerides on VLDL by LPL lead to

A

the formation of smaller more dense lipoprotein within the ciruclation (LDL)

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18
Q

LPL deficiency

A

is a genetic deficiency causes very high TG levels in circulation and several health complications

fat intake must be restrictedd to less than 20 g a day (5 tsp )

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19
Q

familial hypercholesterolemia

A

LDL receptor defect

severe accumulation of cholesterol pramarily from LDL in the ciruclation

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20
Q

what could cause hypercholesteolemia without detectable genetic defect

A

prolonged high saturated fat intake and high cholesterol down regulate LDL-R (LDL receptor)

high LDL cholesterol levels are assocaited with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

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21
Q

cholesterol uptake by receptor mediated endocytosis steps

A
  1. LDL receptor synthesized in rough ER moved to plasma membrane via golgi apparatus
  2. LDL receptor binds to apoB100 on LDL initiation endocytosis
  3. LDL in internalized in endosome
  4. LDL receptor is segregated into vesicles and recycled to surface
  5. endosome with LDL fuses with lysosome
  6. lytic enzymes in lysosome degrade apo B100 and cholesteryl esters releasing AA, FA, and cholesterol
22
Q

process of removing non hepatic cholesterol for delivery to liver and ultimately for excretion from the body such as use for bile acids/ salts synthesis and bile is excreted

A

reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)

23
Q

what does RCT require

A

the transfer of cholesterol and phospholipids from cells to nascent HDL )mostly the protiens verry little lipid) in the circulation

24
Q

moving cholesterol from cells to HDL

A

cholesterol efflux

nascent HDL is converted to mature HDL in ciruclation

mature HDL is taken up by the liver (only lipids not apoA-I)

apoA-I can be reused to form more HDL

25
Q

mature HDL is taken up by the liver (only lipids not apoA-I)

A

selective uptake

26
Q

what turns cholesterol elsters to cholesterol

A

cholesteryl ester hydrolase uses H20 and releases FA

27
Q

PLTP

A

phospholipid transffer protein

28
Q

what does the conversion of nascent HDL to mature HDL require

A

transfer protein such as LCAT or PLTP

29
Q

what does LCAT require

A

apoA-I as a cofactor

30
Q

what is provided to HDL in the circulation by PLTP

A

phospholipids

31
Q

what does PLTP do

A

transfers excess phospholipids from aboB100 containing lipoprotiens (VLDL, LDL) to HDL

32
Q

importance of PLTP

A

provides phospholipid to expand the HDL surface area

provides lecitin or phosphatidyl choline for LCAT activity

contributes to the metabolism of apoB100 containing lipoproteins VLDL into LDL

33
Q

what does ABCA1 do

A

effluxes lipids to lipid poo aloA-I

34
Q

cholesterol efflux regulatory protein

A

ABCA1

35
Q

what is the major receptor responsible for selevtive uptake of HDL

A

scavenger receptor class B type I or SR BI

36
Q

what increases cholesterol efflux in mice

A

high dietaty n-3 PUFA

37
Q

what do bile acids act as

A

amphipathic detergents that facilitate the enzymatic digestion and absorption of dietary fats in the intestine

38
Q

what is the principle route by which cholesterol is removed from the body in feces

A

bile acids/ salts

39
Q

what are conjugated bile acids called

A

bile salts

40
Q

examples of bile salts

A

taurine and glycine

41
Q

what are the most important metabolite of cholesterol

A

bile acids/ bile salts

42
Q

taurine and glycine feature and function

A

are acidic which facilitates their detergent properties

43
Q

where are bile acids formed and where do they go. when does this happen

A

fomred in liveer and delivered to gallbladder

upon fat intakem they are released into the intestine

44
Q

percentage of bile salts and where

A

95% are recycled in enterohepatic circulation

5% are excreted (bile acid binding agents increase excretion)

45
Q

rate limiting enzyme to convert choleseteerol to bile acids

A

cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase (cyp7)

46
Q

what are some steroid hormones derived from cholesterol

A

cortisol, estradiol, aldosterone, mineralocorticoid, progesterone, pregnolone

47
Q

affects protein and carb metabolism, suppreses immune response, inflamation, and allergic response

A

cortisol

48
Q

regulates reabsorption of na, cl, hco3, in kidney

A

aldosterone

49
Q

male and female sex hormones. influence secondary sexual characteristics, regulate female reproductive cycle

A

estradiol

50
Q

mineralcorticoid

A

aldosterone

51
Q

glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

metabolism (14 decks)

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