Pathway 2 exam yr10 Flashcards
Prokaryotic cells
No nucleus
Mostly unicellular
DNA less structured and single loop
Endosymbiotic theory
Proposes eukaryotic cells were formed when a bacterial cell was digested by other primitive prokaryotic cell.
Phagocytosis
Prokaryotic cell engulfing another
Eukaryotes
Made up of cells that possess membrane-bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Multicellular or single-celled
Field of view
Diameter of where you can see in a microscope. Measured using (Original Mag/New mag) x Original FOV
phospholipid bilayer
Bilayer made up of hydrophobic tails made of fatty acids, and hydrophilic heads made of phosphate.
semi-permeable
Has lots of tiny holes and pores. Allows small particles to pass through.
Eg. Water, gases, and nutrients
Fluid-mosaic model
molecules not held in rigid structure, but can move
Ahesion Protein
Links cells together to maintain a 3D structure and the normal functioning of tissues.
Responsible for ensuring the organs are able to execute their function properly.
Recognition protein
Recognises different things in the cell
receptor protein
Blinding of hormones
transport protein
Acts as passageways that allows specific substances
passive transport
Doesn’t require energy
osmosis
Movement of water particles. Passive transport
active transport
Requires energy. ATP
cellular respiration
Active transport. Reaction in mitochondria.
Differentiation
process which cells become more specialised as they mature.
All spec cells originate from stem cells
circulatory system
Carries blood away from and towards the heart.
carries oxygen and nutrients around body.
Maintain body temp.
circulation of hormones.
Valves
prevents back flow of blood.
Arteries
carry blood away from heart
Veins
carry blood to heart
Plasma
makes up 55% of blood.
Contains dissolved proteins, oxygen and CO2
ethrocytes (red blood cells)
Contain heamoglobins
concave
No nucleus
leukaryocytes (white blood cells)
Contains nucleus
Phagocytes engulf pathogens
lymphocytes create antibodies
Platelets
responsible for clotting
Arteries
Wall made of smooth muscle fibres
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels due to a contraction of muscles in the blood vessels.
Veins
dont have muscle.
change diameter like arteries.
Low blood pressure.
have valves.
Transport of oxygen
Heamoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
Loose combination as can easily break down to release oxygen.
transport of carbon dioxide
Combines with global part of haemoglobin to form carbonhaemoglobin.
Inorganic ions
sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, and iodide.
Organic molecules
glucose, vitamins, amino and fatty acids
Organic waste
urea, creatinine and uric acid.
Extracellular fluid
fluid found outside the cell
Systemic circulation
blood travels from heart to body cells and back to heart.
Pulmonary circulation
blood travels from heart to lungs and back to heart
Lymphatic system
collect fluid that escapes from capillaries and return them into circulatory system, and fights pathogens.
Lymph vessel
blood leaks out of artery end of capillary because high pressure, returns to the venous end of capillary.
Lymph
fluid returned to blood stream through lymphatic system.
Lymph nodes
found in neck, armpit, groin, alimentary canal.
Lympnoid tissues contains, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells.
ion
Atom with a charge
anion
Ion with a negative charge
cation
Ion with a positive charge
Ionic compounds
made up of cations and anions.
Opposite charges are electrostaticaly attracted together.
charges must be balanced, for neutral charge.
Polyatomic charges
ions that have more than one atom. Atoms are strongly bonded together in covalent bond
Covalent bond
sharing valence electrons
Ionic bonds
ions transfer valence electrons to other ions, this creates difference in charge and bonds.
Structure of ionic compound is repeating ions in fixed lattice.
lattice is rigid but bonds are strong.
Aqueous solution
when a substance has been dissolved in water
Precipitate
solid that appears in a reaction
Mole
way to count molecules, word to represent number.
6.022 x 10 to power of 23
n
Moles
m
Mass
M
Molar Mass
doppler effect
Observed change in frequency of a wave when the wave source and observer are moving in relation to each other.
frequency
Number of waves passing a single location in one second
hubble’s law
The further away a galaxy is, the greater its red shift and so the faster it is moving away from us
how stars are made
Density of amount of dust in space creates gravity and begins to collapse on itself.
this is called a nebulae
Protostar
denser cloud after nebulae
Nuclear fusion
when atomic nuclei become joined together.
Forms helium
red giants
When sun expands 200 or 300 times original size and cools down
white dwarfs
Small sun
about 12000’C
Size of earth
cools off and disappears
Constellation
grouped stars that resemble shape or object.
Newtons second law of motion
mass of an object affects the way that it moves when acted upon by one or more forces
Newtons third law of motion
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Biosphere
life support system of our planet.
Consists of atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biota.
atmosphere
Made of troposphere and stratosphere.
stratosphere is 50km
Troposphere is 17km
hydrosphere
Waters of planet make it up
lithosphere
Earth’s rocky crust.
igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks made here
Biodiversity
variation in the many different communities and their environments
Species diversity
number of species within an ecosystem
Mutation
change in genetic code inside the DNA
Genetic drift
changes due to chance events
Natural selection
strongest genetics survive.
